Chemistry Flashcards
What is the force between oppositely charged ions?
Electrostatic force of attraction.
What is a lattice structure?
A lattice structure is made up of strong ionic bonds that allow “billions” of ions to be packed together in a regular repeating arrangement.
How are ionic compounds formed?
By losing or gaining electrons.
What is the relative atomic mass and charge of:
1. Protons
2. Neutrons
3. Electrons
Proton - Relative atomic mass: 1 | Charge: +1
Neutron - Relative atomic mass: 1 | Charge: 0
Electron - Relative atomic mass: 1/1835 (negligible) | Charge: -1
What does the group number represent?
The amount of electrons in the outer shell.
What does the period number represent?
The amount of occupied shells.
What bonding method is used between non-metals?
Covalent bonding.
What bonding method is used between a metal and a non-metal?
Ionic bonding.
What is the definition of a covalent bond?
A covalent bond is a pair of electrons shared between two non-metal atoms.
Explain the difference in the ability of solid sodium chloride and molten sodium chloride to conduct electricity in terms of their structure? (6)
In the solid state, a lattice of ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction that are closely packed together. It does not conduct because the ions cannot move.
In the molten state, heat energy overcomes the strong forces of attraction. Therefore, ions can move and so can conduct when molten.
Why do ionic compounds have high melting/boiling points?
They have a high melting point because the electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions are strong. A lot of energy is needed to overcome these forces in order to separate the ions and cause the substance to melt.
Compare and contrast ionic bonding and covalent bonding. (6)
Ionic bonds are formed because of the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions whereas covalent bonds are formed because of the electrostatic force of attraction between the positive nuclei and the negative electrons.
Ions are formed by gaining or losing electrons - in covalent bonding there is a sharing of electrons.
Ionic bonds are formed between metals and non-metals as covalent bonding is between non-metals.
Ionic substances form lattice while covalent bonds form molecules.
The molecular formula of ionic substances shows you the ratio of ions but the molecular formula of structures shows you the number of atoms in the molecule. Lastly, ionic structures have higher melting points compared to covalent bonds.
What is the ionic formula for the polyatomic ion: Ammonium
NH₄⁺
What is the ionic formula for the polyatomic ion: Nitrate
NO₃⁻
What is the ionic formula for the polyatomic ion: Hydroxide
OH⁻
