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grade 10 science > chemistry > Flashcards

chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what are 4 signs of a chemical change?

A

-a new colour appears
-a precipitate forms in a liquid
-heat or light is produced or absorbed
-bubbles of gas are formed

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2
Q

give examples of the 4 chemical changes.

A

-the rusting of metal over time (new colour appears)
-reaction between potassium chloride and silver nitrate (precipitate)
-combustion of propane in a gas stove (heat production)
-reaction between baking soda and lemon juice (bubbles of gas)

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3
Q

what is isoelectronic?

A

having the same numbers of electrons or the same electronic structure

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4
Q

what is the difference between an element and a compound?

A

an element is a a pure substance while a compound is made up of two or more different elements.

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5
Q

what is the difference between complete combustion and incomplete combustion?

A

complete combustion is a reaction of hydrocarbons that produces only carbon dioxide, water, and energy while incomplete combustion produces carbon (soot), carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, and energy.

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6
Q

what is a chemical change?

A

a change that a substance goes through to produce one or more new substance

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7
Q

what is a physical change?

A

a change that does not produce a new substance

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8
Q

what is the difference between physical and chemical changes?

A

physical changes do not produce a new substance while chemical changes do

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9
Q

what are chemical groups?

A

the vertical columns of the periodic table

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10
Q

what are chemical periods?

A

the horizontal columns of the periodic table

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11
Q

what are metalloids? (2)

A

-the staircase elements of the periodic table
-possess both metallic and non-metallic elements

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12
Q

what are alkali metals? (4)

A

-group 1 elements
-soft and very reactive
-reacts with water, air (oxygen)
-1+ charge

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13
Q

what are alkaline earth metals? (4)

A

-group 2 elements
-light and reactive
-form compounds often can’t dissolve in water
-2+ charge

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14
Q

what are halogens? (3)

A

-group 17 elements
-reactive
-1- charge

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15
Q

what are noble gases? (2)

A

-group 18 elements
-rarely react with any other substance

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16
Q

how do you count the number of atoms in formulas?

A

you must multiply the coefficient by the subscript
coefficient = # in front of element/compound
subscript = # behind element/compound

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17
Q

what happens to acids and bases when tested with litmus?

A

acids = red
base = blue

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18
Q

what happens to acids and bases when tested with phenolphthalein?

A

acids = clear
bases = fuchsia

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19
Q

what happens to acids and bases when tested with bromothymol blue?

A

acids = yellow
bases = blue

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20
Q

what happens to acids and bases when a metal is added?

A

acids = hydrogen gas
bases = no reaction

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21
Q

what do acids and bases taste like?

A

acids = sour
bases = bitter

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22
Q

what is an equation for a neutralization reaction?

A

acid + base -> water + base
*when a base contains carbonate group, carbon dioxide is also produced

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23
Q

what are some properties of bases? (6)

A

-has a bitter taste
-feels slippery
-conducts electricity earn dissolved in water
-does not react with metals and metal carbonates
-neutralize acids
-can irritate or burn skin

24
Q

what are some properties of acids? (7)

A

-has a sour taste
-dissolves in water to release H+ ions
-conducts electricity when dissolved in water
-reacts with metals to produce hydrogen gas and a compound
-react with metal carbonates to produce a compound, water and carbon dioxide gas
-neutralize bases
-can irritate or burn skin

25
Q

what is pH?

A

a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is

26
Q

what is the pH scale?

A

a numerical scale ranging from 0 to 14 that is used to classify aqueous solutions as acidic, basic or neural

27
Q

what is the buffering capacity?

A

the ability of a substance to resist changes in pH

28
Q

what is a binary acid?

A

an acid composed of hydrogen and a non-metal

29
Q

what is an oxyacid?

A

an acid composed of hydrogen, oxygen and another non-metal

30
Q

what is an acid-base indicator?

A

a substance that changes colour depending on whether it is an acid or base

31
Q

what is carbon monoxide?

A

an odourless, colourless gas that is highly toxic

32
Q

what is corrosion?

A

the breakdown of a metal as a result of chemical reactions with chemicals in the environment

33
Q

what is a reactant?

A

the starting materials in a chemical reaction that are used up during the reaction

34
Q

what is a product?

A

the new pure substance that are produced during chemical reactions

35
Q

what is a chemical reaction?

A

the process in which new substances with new properties are formed

36
Q

what is exothermic?

A

the release of energy and gets warmer

37
Q

what is endothermic?

A

the absorb of energy and gets colder

38
Q

what is combustion?

A

a chemical reaction in which a compound or element combines rapidly with oxygen gas

39
Q

what are hydrocarbons?

A

a compound made up of only carbon and hydrogen

40
Q

what are skeleton equations?

A

formulas of the reactants are connected to the formulas of the products with an arrow

41
Q

what is the law of conservation in mass?

A

when the mass of the reactants always equals the total mass of products

42
Q

what is physical property?

A

a characteristic or description of a substance (physical state, colour, texture, hardness, etc.)

43
Q

what is chemical property?

A

a description of what a substance does at it changes into one or more substances (reaction w/ water, reaction of an acid or base, reaction to heating, etc.)

44
Q

what is a polyatomic ion?

A

groups of atoms that must stay together and act as a single ion

45
Q

what is a ternary compound?

A

compound composed of three different elements

46
Q

what is a covalent bond?

A

occurs when two non-metals share their electrons

47
Q

what are ionic compounds? (5)

A

-formed between metals and non-metals
-when positive ions (metals) combine with negative ions (non-metals)
-the metal gives electrons to the non-metal and becomes positively charged
-the non-metal gains electrons from the non-metal and becomes negatively charged
-opposites attract, creating an ionic bond

48
Q

what are cations?

A

positively charged ions (ex. lithium ion)

49
Q

what are anions?

A

negatively charged ions (ex. chloride ion)

50
Q

what are valence electrons?

A

electrons in the outer orbit

51
Q

what is an ion?

A

a charged particle that results when an atom gains or looses electrons

52
Q

what is atomic number?

A

the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus

53
Q

what are properties of molecular compounds? (3)

A

-often soft
-have relatively low melting points
-does not conduct electricity when dissolved in water

54
Q

what are properties of ionic compounds? (3)

A

-they are hard, brittle solids
-have very high melting points
-conduct electricity when dissolved in water

55
Q

what are molecular compounds?

A

form due to covalent bonds (two non-metals)

grade 10 science (4 decks)

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