chemistry Flashcards by Brooke Robinson

what are 4 signs of a chemical change?

-a new colour appears
-a precipitate forms in a liquid
-heat or light is produced or absorbed
-bubbles of gas are formed

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give examples of the 4 chemical changes.

-the rusting of metal over time (new colour appears)
-reaction between potassium chloride and silver nitrate (precipitate)
-combustion of propane in a gas stove (heat production)
-reaction between baking soda and lemon juice (bubbles of gas)

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what is isoelectronic?

having the same numbers of electrons or the same electronic structure

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what is the difference between an element and a compound?

an element is a a pure substance while a compound is made up of two or more different elements.

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what is the difference between complete combustion and incomplete combustion?

complete combustion is a reaction of hydrocarbons that produces only carbon dioxide, water, and energy while incomplete combustion produces carbon (soot), carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, and energy.

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what is a chemical change?

a change that a substance goes through to produce one or more new substance

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what is a physical change?

a change that does not produce a new substance

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what is the difference between physical and chemical changes?

physical changes do not produce a new substance while chemical changes do

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what are chemical groups?

the vertical columns of the periodic table

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what are chemical periods?

the horizontal columns of the periodic table

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what are metalloids? (2)

-the staircase elements of the periodic table
-possess both metallic and non-metallic elements

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what are alkali metals? (4)

-group 1 elements
-soft and very reactive
-reacts with water, air (oxygen)
-1+ charge

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what are alkaline earth metals? (4)

-group 2 elements
-light and reactive
-form compounds often can’t dissolve in water
-2+ charge

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what are halogens? (3)

-group 17 elements
-reactive
-1- charge

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what are noble gases? (2)

-group 18 elements
-rarely react with any other substance

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how do you count the number of atoms in formulas?

you must multiply the coefficient by the subscript
coefficient = # in front of element/compound
subscript = # behind element/compound

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what happens to acids and bases when tested with litmus?

acids = red
base = blue

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what happens to acids and bases when tested with phenolphthalein?

acids = clear
bases = fuchsia

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what happens to acids and bases when tested with bromothymol blue?

acids = yellow
bases = blue

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what happens to acids and bases when a metal is added?

acids = hydrogen gas
bases = no reaction

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what do acids and bases taste like?

acids = sour
bases = bitter

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what is an equation for a neutralization reaction?

acid + base -> water + base
*when a base contains carbonate group, carbon dioxide is also produced

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what are some properties of bases? (6)

-has a bitter taste
-feels slippery
-conducts electricity earn dissolved in water
-does not react with metals and metal carbonates
-neutralize acids
-can irritate or burn skin

what are some properties of acids? (7)

-has a sour taste
-dissolves in water to release H+ ions
-conducts electricity when dissolved in water
-reacts with metals to produce hydrogen gas and a compound
-react with metal carbonates to produce a compound, water and carbon dioxide gas
-neutralize bases
-can irritate or burn skin

what is pH?

a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is

what is the pH scale?

a numerical scale ranging from 0 to 14 that is used to classify aqueous solutions as acidic, basic or neural

what is the buffering capacity?

the ability of a substance to resist changes in pH

what is a binary acid?

an acid composed of hydrogen and a non-metal

what is an oxyacid?

an acid composed of hydrogen, oxygen and another non-metal

what is an acid-base indicator?

a substance that changes colour depending on whether it is an acid or base

what is carbon monoxide?

an odourless, colourless gas that is highly toxic

what is corrosion?

the breakdown of a metal as a result of chemical reactions with chemicals in the environment

what is a reactant?

the starting materials in a chemical reaction that are used up during the reaction

what is a product?

the new pure substance that are produced during chemical reactions

what is a chemical reaction?

the process in which new substances with new properties are formed

what is exothermic?

the release of energy and gets warmer

what is endothermic?

the absorb of energy and gets colder

what is combustion?

a chemical reaction in which a compound or element combines rapidly with oxygen gas

what are hydrocarbons?

a compound made up of only carbon and hydrogen

what are skeleton equations?

formulas of the reactants are connected to the formulas of the products with an arrow

what is the law of conservation in mass?

when the mass of the reactants always equals the total mass of products

what is physical property?

a characteristic or description of a substance (physical state, colour, texture, hardness, etc.)

what is chemical property?

a description of what a substance does at it changes into one or more substances (reaction w/ water, reaction of an acid or base, reaction to heating, etc.)

what is a polyatomic ion?

groups of atoms that must stay together and act as a single ion

what is a ternary compound?

compound composed of three different elements

what is a covalent bond?

occurs when two non-metals share their electrons

what are ionic compounds? (5)

-formed between metals and non-metals -when positive ions (metals) combine with negative ions (non-metals) -the metal gives electrons to the non-metal and becomes positively charged -the non-metal gains electrons from the non-metal and becomes negatively charged -opposites attract, creating an ionic bond

what are cations?

positively charged ions (ex. lithium ion)

what are anions?

negatively charged ions (ex. chloride ion)

what are valence electrons?

electrons in the outer orbit

what is an ion?

a charged particle that results when an atom gains or looses electrons

what is atomic number?

the number of protons in an atom's nucleus

what are properties of molecular compounds? (3)

-often soft -have relatively low melting points -does not conduct electricity when dissolved in water

what are properties of ionic compounds? (3)

-they are hard, brittle solids -have very high melting points -conduct electricity when dissolved in water

what are molecular compounds?

form due to covalent bonds (two non-metals)