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biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

uncondensed DNA

A

chromatin

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2
Q

condensed DNA

A

chromosomes

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3
Q

a chromosome consisting of two identical strands of DNA condensed at a centromere

A

sister chromatids

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4
Q

what is the cell cycle?

A

the three stages in which a cell grows and divides

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5
Q

diffusion occurs blank and blank

A

-within a cell: substances produced by one organelle travel to other organelles by diffusing through cytoplasm
-across the cell membrane: oxygen is transported by blood, the concentration of oxygen outside the cell is greater than inside the cell, oxygen molecules diffuse through the cell membrane

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6
Q

does not effect surrounding tissues, apart from physically crowding them

A

benign tumour

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7
Q

interferes with eh functioning of the surrounding cells, a cancerous tumour

A

malignant tumour

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8
Q

what are the two main techniques used to detect and diagnose cancer?

A

imaging technologies (x-rays) and examining cells (blood tissue cells from biopsy)

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9
Q

removal of cancerous tissue to prevent it from spreading

A

surgery

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10
Q

drugs are injected or taken orally that slow or stop the cancer from dividing and spreading.

A

chemotherapy

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11
Q

directed at the tumour so the cells cannot divide

A

radiation

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12
Q

a random change in the DNA that controls cell division

A

mutation

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13
Q

DNA may contain information that leads to cancer

A

hereditary

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14
Q

environmental factor that causes cancer

A

carcinogen

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15
Q

cell that can preform a specific function

A

specialized cell

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16
Q

what are the 3 main reasons for cell division?

A

growth, repair, reproduction

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17
Q

what is the cell theory (3)?

A

-all living things are composed of one or more cells and their products
-the cell is the basic unit of life
-all cells come from pre-existing cells

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18
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell?

A

a very basic cell that does not contain a nucleus or DNA enzymes. bacteria cell (pro=no)

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19
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A

the most basic cell that contains a nucleus, nucleus membrane and organelles. plant and animal cells

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20
Q

explain interphase (5).

A

-no division
-cell grows and makes energy
-cellular respiration
-more organelles are formed
-cell prepares to divide

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21
Q

explain telophase (4).

A

-mitosis #4
-chromosomes reach opposite ends
-nuclear membrane reappears
-chromosomes become invisible

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22
Q

explain cytokinesis.

A

cytoplasm and organelles divide

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23
Q

explain prophase (5).

A

-mitosis #1
-long stands of DNA condense (chromosomes)
-each chromosome consists of two identical chromatids
-chromatids are attached by centromere
-nuclear membrane fades away

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24
Q

explain metaphase (3).

A

-mitosis #2
-double stranded chromosome called chromatids lined up across middle
-spindle fibre extend from centriole to centromeres

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25
Q

explain anaphase.

A

-mitosis #3
-centriole splits
-sister chromatids separate (now called daughter chromosomes)
-chromosomes move to the opposite end of cells

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26
Q

what is nerve tissue?

A

specialized cells, that conduct and receive electrical signals from all parts of the body

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27
Q

what is the function of muscle tissue?

A

movement and posture

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28
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

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29
Q

a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in the concentration of skeletal parts

A

skeletal muscle

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30
Q

involuntary type found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels

A

smooth muscle

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31
Q

found only in the walls of the heart and is involuntary in nature

A

cardiac muscle

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32
Q

what are the 3 major functions of epithelial tissue?

A

protection, secretion, and absorption

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33
Q

what is epithelial tissue?

A

cells that cover the body surface and forms the lining for most internal cavities

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34
Q

what are the 4 functions of connective tissue?

A

support, protection, transportation and binding

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35
Q

what are 3 types of connective tissue?

A

-loose connective tissue
-fibrous connective tissue
-adipose tissue (fat tissue)

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36
Q

where is loose connective tissue found?

A

around and between organs

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37
Q

where is fibrous connective tissue found?

A

in tendons and ligaments

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38
Q

explain the function of the mouth (digestive system)

A

-breaks down food mechanically with teeth and tongue
-adds saliva which softens the food, and enzymes (amylase) that chemically breaks apart the molecules of food

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39
Q

explain the function of the esophagus (digestive system)

A

-connects the mouth to the stomach
-muscles in the esophagus contract to move the food along through a process called PERISTASIS

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40
Q

explain the function of the stomach (digestive system)

A

-to hold food and churn it (mechanical digestion)
-mixes it with acids and enzymes (pepsin) which continues the process of digestion (chemical digestion)

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41
Q

explain the function of the small intestine (digestive)

A

-chemical digestion continues with the help of pancreatic juice
-nutrients from food diffuse though the wall of the intestine (VILLI) into the bloodstream

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42
Q

explain the function of the large intestine (digestive)

A

-absorbs water from the indigestible food
-vitamins K and B are produced

43
Q

explain the function of the anus (digestive)

A

excretes the remaining solid matter as waste

44
Q

explain the function of the liver (digestive)

A

produces bile, a salt solution that breaks down fat to small fat droplets (to be digested better in small intestine)

45
Q

explain the function of the gall bladder (digestion)

A

stores bile

46
Q

explain the function of the pancreas (digestion)

A

-produces pancreatic juice (many enzymes ex. insulin) and sodium bicarbonate
-insulin regulates the concentration of glucose in the blood
-sodium bicarbonate neutralizes the acidity of stomach acid

47
Q

what is the entire length of the digestive system lined with?

A

epithelial tissue

48
Q

what 4 processes are carried out by the digestive system?

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

49
Q

the method of moving air in and out of the lungs

A

breating

50
Q

what is cilia?

A

microscopic hair that line the trachea and bronchi that sweep back and forth, collecting dust and other foreign particles

51
Q

what is the respiratory system?

A

provides oxygen to the body and allows carbon dioxide to leave the body

52
Q

what are the alveoli?

A

-tiny air sacs in the lungs surrounded by a network of capillaries
-where gas exchange takes place between air and blood

53
Q

what is the nervous system divided into?

A

the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

54
Q

what is the central nervous system?

A

-consists of the brain and the spinal cord
-it is protected from damage by bones

55
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system?

A

-consists of the nerves that connect the body to the central nervous system
-relays instructions about the internal and external environment to the brain

56
Q

what is the brain and spinal cord surrounded by?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

57
Q

a basic nerve call consists of what?

A

a cell body, an axon, and many dendrites

58
Q

what is a motor nerve? (peripheral nervous system)

A

connected to voluntary muscles

59
Q

what is a sensory nerve? (peripheral nervous system)

A

carries information from the sensory organs to the brain

60
Q

what in an involuntary nerve? (peripheral nervous system)

A

regulates functions ad breathing, heartbeat, and digestion (involuntary muscles)

61
Q

what are neurons?

A

-special cells that make up nerve tissue
-sends information around your body by conducting electrical signals from one part of the body to another

62
Q

what is myelin?

A

a fatty material that covers neurons which acts like insolation on electrical wire

63
Q

what are dendrites? (nervous system)

A

thread-like branches that increase the surface area of the cell making it possible to receive many connections with adjoining nerve cells

64
Q

what are Schwann cells? (nervous system)

A

supply the myelin for peripheral neurons

65
Q

what is an axon? (nervous system)

A

signals picked up by dendrites travel through the cell and continue along the axon the where they are transmitted to the next cell

66
Q

what is a myelin sheath? (nervous system)

A

usually around only the axon of a neutron is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system

67
Q

what are the main functions of the nervous system?

A

communication dn coordination

68
Q

what tissues is the heart made up of?

A

cardiac muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue

69
Q

what is the function of the heart? (cardiovascular system)

A

works as a pump that pushes blood to the organs, tissues, and cells of your body

70
Q

what is the function of blood? (cardiovascular)

A

-delivers oxygen and nutrients to every cell and removes the carbon dioxide and waste products made by those cells
-regulates body temperature
-transports disease fighting white blood cells

71
Q

what makes up the cardiovascular system?

A

the heart, blood, and blood vessels

72
Q

explain arteries. (cardiovascular)

A

-carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
-are under greater pressure than blood in other blood vessels
-walls are thicker than in other blood vessels

73
Q

explain veins. (cardiovascular)

A

-carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart
-are under less pressure than blood in other blood vessels
-walls are not as thick as arteries
-they contain valves to prevent the back flow of blood

74
Q

explain capillaries. (cardiovascular)

A

-link arteries and veins
-very thin walls that allow substances to diffuse between the blood and other tissue
-oxygen and nutrients diffuse from the blood to tissues while carbon dioxide and other waste diffuse from the tissue to the blood to be carried away for disposal

75
Q

what are platelets? (cardiovascular)

A

small cells that make less than 1% of blood by volume. helps blood clot, seal wounds, and stop bleeding

76
Q

what are red blood cells? (cardiovascular)

A

make up half of the blood volume. they are red due to hemoglobin, a protein that picks up oxygen and carbon dioxide, and lack nuclei

77
Q

what are white blood cells? (cardiovascular)

A

make up less than 1% of blood by volume. fight and destroy disease-causing bacteria and viruses

78
Q

what is plasma? (cardiovascular)

A

protein rich liquid in which blood cells float. it makes about half the blood by volume. carries blood cells, dissolved waste, nutrients and hormones

79
Q

what does the musculoskeletal system consist of?

A

the muscular system and the skeletal system

80
Q

the muscular system contain of muscles that:

A

-provides stability
-bodily movements
-internal movements of substances within the body

81
Q

what are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

-support body and protect delicate organs
-aid in movements
-store nutrients and produce blood cells

82
Q

the skeletal system consists of different types of what tissue?

A

connective tissue: bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage

83
Q

what are bones? (musculoskeletal system)

A

-rigid and dense tissue which contains living cells and non-living minerals (calcium & phosphorus)
-canals in bones contain nerves and blood vessels

84
Q

what are ligaments? (musculoskeletal system)

A

-tough and elastic connective tissues that hold bones together at the joint
-made up of collagen fibres (non-living), so regeneration after an injury is more difficult

85
Q

what is cartilage? (musculoskeletal system)

A

-dense connective tissue that provides strong, flexible, low friction support for bones
-made of special cells, surrounded by collages fibres
-limited regeneration following injury
-located where bones contact each other

86
Q

what are muscles? (musculoskeletal system)

A

-muscle tissue that consists of long bundles of cells (muscle fibres)
-muscles get shorter and thicker as they contract
-skeletal muscle is attached to bones by tendons to allow for movement of body parts
-muscle cells and tissue can contract, causing the bones to move
-skeletal muscles are controlled by the brain and are considered voluntary muscles because they operate with a person’s awareness

87
Q

what are stem cells?

A

cells that are undifferentiated, meaning that they do not have a specific function

88
Q

what are enzymes?

A

proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies

89
Q

a thick, rigid layer of cellulose used to support plant cells

A

cell wall

90
Q

the organelle in plants that converts sunlight into energy (sugar) in the process called photosynthesis. contain green pigment chlorophyl.

A

chloroplasts

91
Q

what is asexual reproduction?

A

the process of producing offsprings from only one parent (offsprings are genetically identical to parent)

92
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

the process of producing offsprings from the fusion of two gametes (half cell’s from DNA of each parent) offsprings have genetic information from each parent

93
Q

involved in digestion and waste removal

A

lysosomes

94
Q

the movement of water across a membrane towards an area of high concentration

A

osmosis

95
Q

the number of molecules of a substance in a given volume

A

concentration

96
Q

the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until all particles are evenly distributed

A

diffusion

97
Q

a double layer of fats and protein. semi-permeable, controls what enters and exits a cell (diffusion and active transport)

A

cell membrane

98
Q

the fluid within a cell that contains all organelles. stores nutrients and transports molecules around in a jelly like liquid

A

cytoplasm

99
Q

this organelle is the powerhouse or energy provider. it converts sugar and oxygen into energy and waste. this is called cellular respiration which occurs in both plant and animal cells. active cells (muscle cells) have more.

A

mitochondria

100
Q

the site to protein synthesis in cells. proteins are building blocks of cells and systems.

A

ribosomes

101
Q

a cell structure that preforms a specific function

A

organelle

102
Q

master organelle. contains genetic information (DNA) stored in chromosomes and directs cell actions

A

nucleus

103
Q

tubes that branch off the nucleus. a transportation system that moves proteins from ribosomes through the cytoplasm

A

endoplasmic reticulum

104
Q

used for storage, process and removal of materials (proteins). makes and secretes mucus.

A

Golgi bodies / apparatus

grade 10 science (4 decks)

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