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REE(Objectives) > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What particles are found in the nuclues of an atom?

A

Proton and neutrons

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2
Q

What is the negatively chraged particles of an atom?

A

Electron

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3
Q

What is the charge of an electron in charge unit?

A

1-

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4
Q

What is the charge of an electron in coulomb?

A

-1.602176462x10^-19

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5
Q

What is the unit for a charge of a particle?

A

Charge unit

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6
Q

What is the common unit used to indicate the mass of a particle?

A

Atomic mass unit (amu)

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7
Q

The discovery of radioactivity further confirms the existence of subatomic prticles. Who discovered radioactivity?

A

Henri Becquerel

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8
Q

How does Joseph John Thomson call his model of the atom?

A

Plum-pudding model

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9
Q

Who revised the atomic thery by replacing the hard, indestructible spheres imagined by Dalton and proposed the “raisin bread model”of the atom?

A

Joseph John Thomson

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10
Q

Who formulated the atomic theory?

A

John Dalton

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11
Q

“The masses of elements in a pure compound are always in the same proportion.” This statement is known as.

A

Law of definite proportion

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12
Q

“When two or more elements form more than one compound, the ratio of the masses of one element that combine with a given mass of another element in the different compounds is a ratio of small whole numbers.” This statement is known as:

A

Law of multiple proportion

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13
Q

Which of the following is NOT an extensive property of a material?
Length; Volume; Density; Weight

A

Density

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14
Q

Which of the following is NOT an intensive property of a material?
Color;Surface area;Melting point; Taste

A

Surface area

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15
Q

The properties of a material that do not change when the amount of substance changes is called _____ properties.

A

Intensive

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16
Q

The properties of a material that also change when the amount of subtance changes is called _______ properties.

A

Extensive

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17
Q

A material is said to be ________ if its composition and properties are not uniform throughout.

A

Heterogeneous

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18
Q

A material is said to be _________ if its composition and properties are uniform throughout.

A

Homogeneous

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19
Q

What is another term for “chemical change”?

A

Chemical reaction

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20
Q

What occurs when a substance changes in appearance without changing its compositions?

A

Physical change

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21
Q

What occurs when a substance is transformed into onther substance with a totally different composition and properties?

A

Chemical change

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22
Q

Table salt or sodium chloride may be formed by the reaction of:

A

Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide

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23
Q

What acid is added to carbonated drinks to produce a tart test?

A

Phosphoric acid

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24
Q

Vinegar is a solution of water and what kind of acid?

A

Acetic acid

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25
Q

An acid can react with base to produce a

A

Salt

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26
Q

Which of the following is NOT a property of bases?
Fell slippery on the skin.; Turn litmus paper to blue.; taste bitter.; Dissolve metals producing various slats and hydrogen gas.

A

Dissolve metals producing various slats and hydrogen gas.

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27
Q

Which of the following is NOT a property of acids?
Taste sour.; Feel slippery on the skin.; Turn litmus paper to red.; Dissolve metals producing various salts and hydrogen gas.

A

Feel slippery on the skin

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28
Q

What are elements that have properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals?

A

Metalloids

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29
Q

Which of the following is NOT a property of metals?
Metals are neither malleable nor ductile; Metals have high thermal conductivity.; Metals have high electrical conductivity.; Metals have more luster

A

Metals are neither malleable nor ductile.

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30
Q

What is the property of metals that makes them reflect the light that strikes their surfaces, making them appear shiny?

A

Luster

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31
Q

What is the property that allows metal to be rolled without breaking?

A

Malleability

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32
Q

Compounds are mostly classified as:

A

Acids and Bases

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33
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

Solid, Liquid and Gas

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34
Q

How are elements classified?

A

Metals, Nonmetals or metalloids

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35
Q

The particles of sugar dispered in water are so small that a clear homogeneous mixture is formed. What is this homogeneous mixture called?

A

Solution

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35
Q

A very fine particles of soil when mixed to water will form a cloudy mixture

A

Colloid

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36
Q

The mixture of soil and water is an example of what classificaton of a mixture?

A

Suspension

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37
Q

How are mixtures classified?

A

Suspension,Colloids or Solution

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38
Q

What is the result from the combination, in definte proportion of mass, of two or more elements?

A

Compound

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39
Q

What is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances?

A

Element

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40
Q

How are substances classified?

A

Elements or Compounds

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41
Q

All forms of matter are composed of the same building blocks called?

A

Atoms

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42
Q

What is anything occupies space and has mass?

A

Matter

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43
Q

Who discovered the neutron?

A

James Chadwick

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44
Q

Who discovered the proton?

A

Ernest Ruther ford

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45
Q

Who was the fisrt person to propose that atoms have weights?

A

John dalton

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46
Q

The word “atom” comes from Greek “atomos” which means what?

A

Indivisible

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47
Q

What is the particle of an atom that has no electrical chrage?

A

Neutron

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48
Q

What is the positively chraged particle of an atom?

A

Proton

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49
Q

What is the charge of a proton in coulombs?

A

+1.602176462x10^-19

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50
Q

What is the chrage of a proton in charge unit?

A

1+

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51
Q

What is the mass of an electron in gram?

A

9.109387x10^-28

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52
Q

What is the mass of an electron in amu?

A

5.485799x10^-4

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53
Q

What is the mass of a proton in gram?

A

1.672623x10^-24

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54
Q

What is the mass of proton in amu?

A

1.0072765

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55
Q

What is the mass of a neutron in grams?

A

1.67495x10^-24

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56
Q

What is the mass of a neutron in amu?

A

1.00866

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57
Q

The protons and neutrons are not considered are fundamental particles because they consist of a smaller particles called

A

Quarks

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58
Q

The atomic number of an element is:

A

The number of protons in the nucleus

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59
Q

Atoms of the same element which have different masses are called

A

isotopes

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60
Q

What is an atom of specific isotopes called?

A

Ion

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61
Q

The number of _______ in an atom defines what element the atom is.

A

Protons

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62
Q

The number of ______ in an atom defines the isotopes of an elements.

A

Neutrons

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63
Q

If electrons are removed from or added to a neutral atom, a charged particle of the same element, called ______ is formed.

A

ion

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64
Q

A negativelu charged ion which results when an electron is added to an atom called

A

anion

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65
Q

A postively charged ion which results when an electron is removed from an atom is called

A

cation

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66
Q

What is “identity number” of an atom?

A

Atomic number

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67
Q

The ______ of an atom is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

A

mass number

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68
Q

“When the elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic number elemnets with similar properties appear at periodic intervals.” This statement is known as

A

The periodic law

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69
Q

Who are the two chemists creadited for the discovery of the periodic law?

A

Juluis lother meyer and Demitri vanovich mendeleev

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70
Q

The elements with similar properties are placed in columns of the periodic table. These columns are common called

A

Groups or families

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71
Q

What are the rows in the periodic table called?

A

Periods

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72
Q

Elements in Group 1A in the periodic table are

A

Akali metals

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73
Q

Elements in Group IIA in the periodic table are

A

Alkaline earth metals

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74
Q

The boron group is what group in the periodic table?

A

GroupIIIA

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75
Q

What group in the periodic table is the carbon group?

A

Group IVA

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76
Q

What group in the periodic table is the nitrogen group?

A

Group VA

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77
Q

The chalcogens are elements in what group in the periodic table?

A

Group VIA

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78
Q

Halogens belong to what group in the periodic table?

A

Group VIIA

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79
Q

The elements, germanium and silicon, which are commonly used for semiconductors belongs what group of elements?

A

Carbon group

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80
Q

What group in the periodic table are the noble gases?

A

Group 0 or VIII A

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81
Q

Which of the following is NOT a noble gas?

A

Antimony

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82
Q

What is the atomic number for oxgen?

A

8

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83
Q

What is the atomic number of carbon?

A

6

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84
Q

Which alkaline earth metal has the smallest atomic number?

A

Beryllium

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85
Q

Which noble gas has the smallest atomic number?

A

Helium

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86
Q

What is the most abundant element in terms of the number of atoms?

A

Oxygen

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87
Q

What is the most abundant element in the human body?

A

Oxygen

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88
Q

What is the second most abundant element in the human body?

A

Carbon

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89
Q

Which of the following is NOT a metalloid?

A

Magnesium

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90
Q

Caustic soda is used in making soap, textiles and paper. What is another term for caustic soda?

A

Sodium hydroxide

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91
Q

What is used for the manufacture of explosives and fireworks?

A

Potassium perchlorate

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92
Q

All alkaline metals will tarnish in air except?

A

Beryllium

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93
Q

What is element is used as a coatin for iron to make galvanized iron a corrosion-resistant material?

A

Zinc

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93
Q

What element is used as electric power source for pacemakers and atrificial hearts?

A

Promethium

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94
Q

What element is commonly used in making lasers?

A

Neodymium

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95
Q

What is regarded as the most unique element in the periodic table?

A

Carbon

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96
Q

What is the most abundant element in the atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen

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97
Q

What is the only gas in Group VIA in the periodic table?

A

Oxygen

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98
Q

What is the second most abundant element in the atmosphere?

A

Oxygen

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99
Q

what element is used in advetising signs?

A

neon

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100
Q

What principle states about the fundamental limitation that, for a particle as small as the electron, one cannot know exactly where it is and at the same time know its energy or how it is moving?

A

Uncertainty principle

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101
Q

Who discovered the uncertainty principle?

A

Werner Karl heisenberg

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102
Q

what principle states that the electron full the orbitals, one at a time starting with the lowest orbital then proceeding to the one with higher energy?

A

Aufbau principle

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103
Q

What principle states that no two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers?

A

Pauli exclusion principle

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104
Q

What describes how the electrons and distributed among the orbitals?

A

Electron configuration of an atom

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105
Q

The _________ of the atom describes the atom as having a cuvleus at the center around which electrons move?

A

Quantum mechanical model

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106
Q

What are the main energy levels where the valence electrons belong called?

A

Valence shells

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107
Q

The elements of groups IA,IIA,IIIA,IVA,VA,VIA.VIIA, and VIIIA are called main group elements or

A

Representatives

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108
Q

For the representative elements, the number of valence electrons is the same as the

A

The rightmost digit of the group number of the element

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109
Q

For transition elements, the number of valence electron is the same as

A

the group number

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110
Q

The size of the atom is dependent on which of the following:

A

The region of space occupied by its electrons

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111
Q

What happens to the atomic size of the elements in a group when you go from top to bottom of the grooup? It

A

increases

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112
Q

Who first predicted the bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in 1924?

A

Albert einstein

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113
Q

The ionzation energy is ________ to the atomic size of atom.

A

Inversely proportional

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114
Q

What refers to the measure of the atom’s tendency to attract an additional electron?

A

Electron affinity

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115
Q

The process of aining or losin an electron results to the formation of a charged atom or molecule called

A

ion

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116
Q

Aside from liquid,gas and solid, there are two other state of matter.

A

Plasma and Bose-einstein Condensate

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117
Q

Who fist identified plasma in 1879?

A

William crookes

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118
Q

Who coined the term plasma in 1928

A

Irving langmuir

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119
Q

What is made of gas atoms that have been cooled to near absolute zero at which temperature the atoms slow down, combine and forms a single entity known called a superatom?

A

Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)

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120
Q

The fifth state of matter, the BEC(Bose-Einstein condensate) was first created in what year?

A

1995

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121
Q

What is a high-energy,electrically charged gas produced by heatin the gas unit the electrons in the outer orbitals of the atoms separte, leaving the atoms with a positive charge?

A

Plasma

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122
Q

Water has bigger density when it is in what state?

A

Liquid

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123
Q

What is the temperature of water in solid state of 1 atm?

A

O degree celcuis

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124
Q

The density of water is the largest at what temperature?

A

4 degree celcuis

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125
Q

What element has a very high melting point and ideal for filaments of light bulbs?

A

Tungsten

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126
Q

Metals can be drawn into wires. This illustrates what property of metals

A

ductility

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127
Q

Steel is the widely used construction material because of its high tensile strength. It is a combination of what element?

A

Iron and carbon

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128
Q

What refers to the electro static attraction that holds together the oppositly charged ions, the carbons and anions, in the solid compound?

A

Ionic bond

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129
Q

What states that atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons?

A

Octet rule

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130
Q

What indicated the number of valence electrons to the atom represented by dots scattered on four sides of the atomic symbol?

A

Electron dot structure or lewis structure

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130
Q

What is formed by sharing of electrons between atom?

A

Covalent bond

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131
Q

What is the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms called?

A

Bond length

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132
Q

The overall shape of a molecule os described by which two properties?

A

Bond distance and bond angle

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133
Q

What is an angle made by the lines joining the nuclei of the atoms in the molecule?

A

Bond angle

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134
Q

“The best arrangement of a given number of shared and unshared electrons is the one hat mnimizes the repulsion among them”. This is known as

A

Valence-shell electron-pair repulsion theory

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135
Q

“A covalent bond is formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals.” This statement is the basic idea of which theory?

A

Valence bond theory

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136
Q

What refers to the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons?

A

Electronegativity

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137
Q

What type of bond occurs when the difference in electronegativity is greater than or equal to 2?

A

Ionic

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138
Q

When can we say that a molecule is polar?

A

When the center of positive and negative charge do not coincide

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139
Q

Nobpolar covalent bond occurs if the difference in electronegativity ranges from:

A

.50 to 1.90

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140
Q

What is the sum of the masses of the atoms in the molecule of the substance called?

A

Molecular mass

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141
Q

What refers to the number of atoms in exactly 12 grmas of carbon-12?

A

Avogdro’s number

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142
Q

Which one is the avogadro’s number?

A

6.02x0^23

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143
Q

What is defined as the amount of substance that contains 6.02x10^23 particles of that substance?

A

Mole

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144
Q

What refers to the mass in grams of one mole of a substance?

A

Molar mass

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145
Q

What is the unit of molar mass?

A

Grams per mole

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146
Q

The total pressure of a mixture of gasses equals the sum of the partial pressures of each of the gasses in the mixture”.

A

This statement is known as
Dalton’s law of partial pressure

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147
Q

The dry air is composed of how many percent nitrogen?

A

78.1%

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147
Q

The dry air is composed of how many oxgen?

A

20.9%

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148
Q

How much carbon dioxide is present in dry air?

A

0.03%

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148
Q

What is the mixing of gases due to molecular motion called?

A

Diffusion

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149
Q

What refers to the passage of molecules of a gas from one container to another through a tiny opening between the containers?

A

Effusion

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150
Q

The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass. Who discovered this?

A

Thomas Graham

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151
Q

What law states that the rate of effusion of a gas, which is the amount of gas that through the hole in a given amount of time, is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass?

A

Graham’s law of effusion

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152
Q

What is a poisonous gas generated mostly by motor vehicles?

A

Carbon monoxide

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153
Q

What is considered as one of the pollutants responsible for smog and acid rain?

A

Nitrogen dioxide

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154
Q

What refers to the forces of attraction that exist between molecules in a compound?

A

Intermolecular forces

155
Q

All are basic types of van der waals forces except one. Which one?

Dipole-dipole interaction; London dispersion forces; Heat bonding; Hydrogen bonding

A

Heat Bonding

156
Q

The three types of intermolecular forces exist in neutral molecules are collectively known as van der Waals forces. This named after

A

Diderick van der waals

157
Q

A dipole has how many electrically charged pole(s)?

A

2

158
Q

Compounds containgin hydrogen and other element are known as

A

Hydrides

159
Q

What is a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction formed when a hydrogen atom bonded toa highlyy electronegative atom is attracted to the lone pair of a nearby electronegative atom?

A

Hydrogen bond

160
Q

What is the process of changing from gas state to liquid state?

A

Condensation

161
Q

What is the process of changing from liquid state to solid state?

A

Freezing

162
Q

What is the process of changing from solid state to gas state?

A

Sublimation

163
Q

What is the process of changing from gas state to solid state?

A

Deposition

164
Q

What is the process of changing from solid state to liquid state?

A

Melting

165
Q

What refers to the amount of heat absorbed by one mole of substance to change from solid to liquid?

A

Molar heat of fusion

166
Q

What refers to the amount of heat absorbed by one mole of substance to change from liquid to solid?

A

Molar heat of fusion

167
Q

What refers to the amount of heat required by one mole of a substance to change from liquid to gas?

A

Molar heat of vaporization

168
Q

What refers to the amount of heat required by one mole of a substance to change from gas to liquid?

A

Molar heat of condensation

169
Q

Liquid that vaporizes easily are called _______ liquids.

A

Volatile

170
Q

What refers to the temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied by an increase in pressure?

A

Critical temperature

171
Q

What is a homogeneous mixture made of particles that exist as individual molecules or ions?

A

Solution

172
Q

What is the component of a solution that is dissolved?

A

solute

173
Q

What is the component of the solution in which the solute is dissolved?

A

Solvent

174
Q

Bronze is a solid solution of copper and tin. which of the following is true?

Tin is a solvent; Copper is a solute; Copper is the solvent; The solution is called aqueous solution

A

Copper is the solvent

175
Q

When the solvent of the solution is water, it is a/an ________ solution.

A

Aqueous

176
Q

What is the most common solvent in medicines?

A

ethanol

177
Q

What is the term generally used to describe the combination of solute molecules or ions with solvent molecules?

A

Solvation

178
Q

What is the term used to describe the maximum amount of solute that a siven solvent can dissolve to give a stable solution at a given temperature?

A

Solubility

179
Q

When the maximum amount of solute is dissolved in the given solvent at a stated temperature, this solution formed is

A

Saturated

180
Q

When the maximum amount of solute is dissolved in the given solvent at a stated temperature, this solution formed is

A

Saturated

181
Q

When the solution contains less solute particles than the maximum amount the solvent can dissolve at that temperature, the solution is

A

unsaturated

182
Q

When the solution contains more solute particles than the solvent can normally hold, the solution is

A

Supersaturated

183
Q

What is the most common solution on earth?

A

Seawater

184
Q

Solution composed of two or more metals are called

A

alloys

185
Q

The solubility of a substance in another substance is affected by the following factors except

A

Volume

186
Q

Liquids that do not mix are said to be

A

immiscible

187
Q

How will an increase in temperature in solids affect the solubility?

A

It will cause an increase in solubility

188
Q

How will an increase in temperature of gases dissolving in liquids affect the solubility?

A

It will cause a decrease in solubility

189
Q

How does pressure affects the solubility of gases in liquids?

A

IT increases solubility

190
Q

How does pressure affect the solubility in liquids or of liquids in another liquids?

A

It slightly affects solubility

190
Q

How does pressure affect the solubility in liquids or of liquids in another liquids?

A

It slightly affects solubility

191
Q

The Solubility of a gas in liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the solution”

A

This is known as
Henry’s law

192
Q

Who discover the electron

A

Joseph john thomson

193
Q

What refers to the measure of how fast a substance dissolves?

A

Rate of dissilution

194
Q

How can the rate of dissolution be increased?
Reduce particles size; Agitaion; Application of heat

A

All of the above

195
Q

________ means there is only a little amount of solute dissolved in a solution.

A

Dilute

196
Q

________ means there is a large amount of solute dissolved in the solution.

A

Concentrated

197
Q

What is the ratio of the number of moles of one component of a solution to the total number of moles of all the components?

A

Mole fraction

198
Q

What is the ratio of the number of moles of solute to the volume of the solution in liter?

A

Molarity

199
Q

What is the ratio of the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent?

A

Molality

200
Q

What is the process of makin a solution less concentrated as in the addition of more solvent?

A

Dilution

201
Q

What is the process of changing liquid to gas that is usually accompanied by the production of the bubbles of vapor in the liquid?

A

Boiling

202
Q

What is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the prevailing atomospheric pressure?

A

Boiling point

203
Q

What is the temperature at which liquid and solid are in equilibrium?

A

Freezing point

204
Q

What refers to the decrease in the freezing point of a pure liquid when another substance is dissolved in the liquid?

A

Freezing point depression

205
Q

If two solutions have the same concentration of solute, they are

A

isotonic

206
Q

If one of the two solutions has a bigger concentration of solute particles than the other, the one with the higher concentration is described as

A

Hypertonic

207
Q

IF one of the two solutions has a bigger concentration of solute particles than the other, the one with the lower concentration is described as

A

Hypotonic

208
Q

The movement of solvent particles through a semi-permeable membrane from the region lower solute concentration to the region of higher solute concentration is called

A

Osmosis

209
Q

The term “colloid” comes from the GReek “kolla” and “oidos” which means

A

Glue appearance

210
Q

What are suspensions of liquid or solid particles in a gas called?

A

Aerosols

211
Q

What is some aerosol products that can cause harm to the atomsphere?

A

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)

212
Q

What are colloidal dispersion of gas bubbles in liquids or solids?

A

Foams

212
Q

What is colloidal dispersion of a liquid in either a liquid or a solid?

A

Emulsions

213
Q

What is a solid dispersed in either a solid or a liquid?

A

Sols

214
Q

What is a colloidal system in which the dispersed phase consists of fibrous interwoven particles called fibrils which exert a marked effect on the physical properties of the dispersing medium

A

Gels

215
Q

Most cosmetics and ointments and creams used in medicines are

A

Emulsions

216
Q

The substance usually used in cleaning toilets bowls and tiles is muriatic acid. What is another term for this?

A

Hydrochloric acid

217
Q

“Upon dissociation in water, acids yield hydrogen ions while gases yield hydroxide ions.” What is this statement commonly called?

A

Arrhenius theory

218
Q

What is defined as a substance which, upon reaction with water causes an increase in the concentration of the solvent cation, H3O+

A

Arrhenius acid

219
Q

What is the dissolution constant of water at 25 degree celcuis

A

1.8x10^-16

220
Q

What theory states that an acid in any substance that donates a proton to anothe substance, and a base is any substance that can accept a proton from any other substance

A

Bronsted-Lowry theory

221
Q

What theory states that an acid is a substance that can accept a lone pair from another molecule, and a base is a substance that has a lone pari of electrons

A

Lewis theory

222
Q

An acid described as an electron pair acceptor is the ______ acid.

A

Lewis

223
Q

The Bronsted-Lowry acid is:

A

A proton donor

224
Q

The Bronsted-lowry base is:

A

Proton acceptor

225
Q

According to Gilbert Lewis, an acid-base reaction as the sharing of an electron pair will form what type of bond?

A

Coordinate covalent bond

226
Q

What is the type of covalent bond in which the shared electrons are donated by one, not both, of the involved?

A

Coordinated covalent bond

227
Q

What is the term used for the product of a Lewis acid-base reaction?

A

Adduct

228
Q

Acids composed of only two element;hydrogen and nonmetal are called?

A

Binary acids

229
Q

What is added to hydrochloride to form hydrochloric acid?

A

Water

230
Q

Acid consist of three elements; hydrogen nad two nonmetals are called

A

Ternary acids

231
Q

AIF one of the two nonmetals of a ternary acid is oxygen, the acid called

A

Oxyacid

232
Q

Which of the following is the formula of suluric acid?

A

H2SO4

233
Q

Which of the following is the formula of nitric acid?

A

HNO3

234
Q

What acid is usually used in vinegars?

A

Acetic acid

235
Q

What acid is used in glass itching?

A

hydrochloric acid

236
Q

What acid is usually present in some fruit?

A

Citric acid

237
Q

What acid is used in carbonated drinks?

A

Carbonic acid

238
Q

What acid usually used to reduce pain nad inflammation such as aspirin and other pain relievers?

A

Acetylsalicylic acid

239
Q

What acid is usually used in the manufaacture of fertilizers?

A

Phosphoric acid

240
Q

What acid is usully used in the manufacture of explosive?

A

Nitric acid

241
Q

What is the atomic number of germanium

A

32

242
Q

What alkali metal is usually used for x-ray apparatus because of its ability to allow x-rays to pass through with minimumbabsorption

A

Beryllium

243
Q

What acid is used in the batteries of cars or automobiles

A

Sulfuric acid

244
Q

Bases are compounds consisting of:

A

metal and hydroxide ion

245
Q

Which base is used to remove carbon dioxide from air?

A

Lithium hydroxide

246
Q

What base is used as an antacid with no dosage restriction?

A

Magnesium hydoxide

247
Q

Magnesium hydroxide is a base used as antacid if consumed in small amounts and laxative if consumed in large dosage.What is common term for magnesium hydroxide?

A

Milk of Magnesia

248
Q

What is the most convenient way of expressing hydronium ion concentration?

A

pH scale

249
Q

What is the most convenient way of expressing hydronium ion concentration?

A

pH scale

250
Q

Who proposed the pH scale in 1909?

A

Soren Sorensen

251
Q

What does the symbol pH stand for?

A

The power of the hydrogen ion

252
Q

What is the pH of pure water

A

7

253
Q

Which two substance have the same pH, which is 6.5?

A

Saliva and Milk

254
Q

Which is the best description of strong acids?

A

They dossociate or ionize completely in water

255
Q

Which is the best description of weak acids?

A

They don’t dissociate or ionize completely in water

256
Q

What is a measure of the H3O+ concentration of a solution?

A

pH

257
Q

What is a measure of the OH- concentration of a solution?

A

pOH

258
Q

What is the pH of a neutral solution?

A

7

259
Q

Which of the following pH is the most basic?

A

pH 13

260
Q

What is the substance that changes color at a certain pH range?

A

Indicator

261
Q

What refers to the reaction between an acid and a base forming slat and water?

A

Neutralization

262
Q

What is the process of measuring the concentration of an acid or base in one solution by adding a base or acid solution of known concentration until the acid or base in the solution of unknown ocncentration is fully neutralized?

A

Titration

263
Q

What refers to the point at which the added base or aacid solution in titration is enough to fully neutralize the acid or base?

A

Equivalence point

264
Q

What refers to the reaction between the ions of a slat and the ions of water?

A

Salt buffering

265
Q

What is a solution consisting of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or of a weak base and its conjugate aid?

A

Buffer

266
Q

What is the most common chemical raecntion, which is the reaction of material with oxygen accompanied by the giving off of energy in the form of heat

A

Combustion

267
Q

What is the area of chemistry that concerns with the rate at which chemical reaction occur?

A

Chemical kinetics

268
Q

What is the minimum amount of energy need for a chemical reaction to occur called?

A

Activation energy

269
Q

If the energy is released as the reaction occurs, it is a ______ reaction.

A

Exothermic

270
Q

If the energy is absorbed during the reaction, it is a _________ reaction.

A

Endothermic

271
Q

What is a substance that, when added to a reaction mixture, increases the rate of the reaction but is itself unchanged after the reaction is done?

A

Catalyst

272
Q

What is a susbstance that slows down a chemical reaction?

A

Inhibitors

273
Q

How are catalysts classified?

A

Homogeneous and heterogeneous

274
Q

What type of catalyst exists in the same phase as the reactants in a reaction mixture?

A

Homogeneous catalyst

275
Q

What type of catalyst exists in separate phase as the reactant in the reaction mixture?

A

Heterogeneous catalyst

276
Q

Most heterogeneous catalyst are

A

solids

277
Q

Which one is a factor that affects the rate of chemical reactions?
Temperature; Concentration and surface area of reactants; presence of catalyst

A

All of the above

278
Q

What refers to the state at which the rates of the forward and backward reaction are equal?

A

Chemical equilibrium

279
Q

What is the ratio of the equilibrium concentration of the products to the equilibrium concentration reactants with each species concenttration raised to the corresponding stoichiometric coefficient found in the balanced reactio?

A

Equilibrium constant

280
Q

What term is used as a qualitative description of the extent of a chemical reaction?

A

Equilibrium position

281
Q

What quantity is used to determine how far from equilibrium the chemical reaction is?

A

Reaction quotient

282
Q

What states that if a change in conditions is imposed on a system at equilibrium, the quilibrium position will shift in the direction that tends to reduce the effects of that change?

A

Le chatelier’s principle

283
Q

What refers to the reaction of oxygen with an element or compound?

A

Oxidation

284
Q

The gain of electron by a substance is known as

A

Reduction

285
Q

What represents the charge that the atom would have if the electrons in each bond belonged entirely to the more electronegative atom?

A

Oxidation number

286
Q

A reduced susbtance is waht type of agent?

A

Oxidizing agent

287
Q

The oxidized substance is what type agent?

A

Reducing agent

288
Q

What reaction does not involve any change in oxidation number?

A

Nonredox reaction

289
Q

What is an apparatus that uses a spontaneous redox reaction to generates electricity?

A

Voltaic cell

290
Q

Whaat is a branch of chemistry whihc is the study of carbon-containing molecules known as organic compounds?

A

Organic chemistry

291
Q

Which of the following is a crystalline form of carbon?
Diamond; Graphite; Fullerenes

A

All of the above

292
Q

What crystalline crabon is soft,black slippery that possess metallic luster and conduct electricity

A

Graphite

293
Q

What is formed when hydrocarbons such as methane are heated in the presence of very little oxygen?

A

Carbon black

294
Q

What type of carbon is produced when wood is heated intensely in the absence of air?

A

Charcaol

295
Q

What type of carbon is used to remove undesirable odors from air?

A

Charcoal

296
Q

What type of carbon is used to remove undesirable odors from air?

A

Charcoal

297
Q

What carbon is produced when coal is strongly heated in the absence of air?

A

Coke

298
Q

What type of carbon is used in the manufacture of car tires?

A

Carbon black

299
Q

Which of the following is NOT a property of inorganic compounds?

A

Usually flammable and combustible

300
Q

Organic compounds:
Are generally soluble in non-polar system
Are usually flammable and combustible

A

Have presence of covalent bond

301
Q

Inorganic compunds:
Are generally soluble in non-polar solvents

A

Are generally non flammble
Have presence of ionic bond

302
Q

The organic compounds are related to each other by a common feature involving a certain arrangement of atoms called

A

Functional groups

303
Q

What is the simplest and most commonly encountered class of organic compounds?

A

Hydrocarbons

304
Q

Based on the type of bond existing between two carbon atoms, how are hydrocarbons classified?

A

Saturated and unsaturated

305
Q

What hydrocarbons contain only single bonds?

A

Alkanes

306
Q

WHen hydrocarbon consists of carbon links that form a long, straight or branched chain, it is classified as ______ type.

A

Chain

307
Q

When hydrocarbon consists of carbon links that form a ring, it is classified a _______ type.

A

Cyclic

308
Q

The aromatic hydrocarbons contain the structural unit called?

A

Benzene

309
Q

What is a six-carbon ring with three alternating double bonds, or closely related rings or rings of similar nature where nitrogen replaces carbon in one or more ring positions?

A

Benzene

310
Q

What is another term for “Alkanes”?

A

Paraffins

311
Q

What is the simplest alkane which is a major component of nature gas?

A

Methane

312
Q

What are hydrocarbons that contain one or more double bonds?

A

Alkene

313
Q

What is another term for “alkenes”?

A

Olefins

314
Q

What is the simplest alkene, which is a plant hormone that plays important role in sed germination and ripening of fruits?

A

Ethene

315
Q

What are hydrocarbons that contain one or more triple bonds?

A

Alkyne

316
Q

What is the simplest alkyne which is a highly reactive molecule?

A

Acetylene or Ethyne

317
Q

The compunds, benzene, naphthalene and anthracene are examples of what hydrocarbon?

A

Aromatic hydrocarbon

318
Q

What aromatic hydrocarbon is used as a component of mothballs?

A

Naphthalene

319
Q

In 1956, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (UIPAC) devised a systematic way of naming organic compounds. What is this called

A

System of Nomenclature

320
Q

In naming of hydrocarbons, what refers to a side chain that is formed by removing a hydrogen atom from an alkene?

A

Alkyl group

321
Q

Compounds that contain halogens are called?

A

Halides

322
Q

The organic compounds that contains oxygen but not in the carbonyl group are called?

A

Alcohols and ethers

323
Q

What organic compunds contain the hydroxyl as the fuctional group and are considered derivatives of water?

A

Alcohols

324
Q

What organic compounds contain nitrogen?

A

Amines and Amides

325
Q

What organic compunds in which two hydrocarbon groups that can be aliphatic or aromatic are attached to one oxygen atom?

A

Ethers

326
Q

Which of the following gases is usually used as a refrigerant?

A

Dimethyl ether

327
Q

Which of the following statements regarding organic substances is FALSE?
Organic substances generally dissolve in high concentration acids
All organic matter contains carbon
Organic matter is generally stable at very high temperatures
Organic substances generally do not dissolve in water

A

Organic matter is generally stable at very high temperatures

328
Q

A susbtance that disociates in solutions to produce postive and negative ions is called?

A

Electrolyte

329
Q

Which of the following is most likely to prove that a substance is inorganic
The substance evaporates in room temperature and pressure
The substance is heated together with copper oxide and the resulting gases are found to gave no effect on limestone
Analysis shows that the substance contains hydrogen
The substance floats in water

A

The substance is heated together with copper oxide and the resulting gases are found to gave no effect on limestone

330
Q

Which of the following elements and compunds is unstable in its pure form?

A

Sodium

331
Q

What element is known as the lightest metal?

A

Lithium

332
Q

What refers to the attraction between like molecules?

A

Cohesion

333
Q

Which of the following is the strongest type of bonds?

A

Covalent

334
Q

When all of the atoms of a molecule are the same, the substance is called a/an?

A

Compound

335
Q

Reactions generally proceed faster at high temperatures because of which of the follwing?
The molecules are less energetic
The molecules collide more frequently
The activation energy is less
The molecules collide more frequently and the activation energy is less

A

The molecules collide more frequently and the activation energy is less

336
Q

The condition of a liquid electrolyte is measured in terms of its:

A

Specific Gravity

337
Q

An element maybe defined as a substance with all atoms of which have the same?

A

Atomic number

338
Q

The device which measures the acid content of the cell is called?

A

Hydrometer

339
Q

Incopper atom, the valence ring contains how many electron?

A

One electron

340
Q

A______ is a cell designed to produc electri current and can be recharged.

A

Secondary cell

341
Q

Which of the following statement is FALSE?
In general, as reaction products are formed, they ract with each other reform reactants
At equilibrium, the net reaction rate is zero
The different rate is the mathematical expression that shows how the rate of a reaction depends on volume
The net rate at which a reaction proceeds from left to right is equal to the forward rate minus the reverse rate

A

The different rate is the mathematical expression that shows how the rate of a reaction depends on volume

342
Q

What is the opposite of alkali?

A

Acid

343
Q

The amount of electricity a battery can produce is controlled by the

A

Strength of the acid

344
Q

What represents the number of protons in the nuclues of an atom?

A

Atomic number

345
Q

The electrilyte is a solution of water and

A

Sulfuric acid

346
Q

What is deuteron?

A

A nucleus containing a neutron and a proton

347
Q

Which of the following elements is NOT radioactive?

A

Cobalt

348
Q

The formula for Dinitrogen Pentoxide is:

A

N2O5

349
Q

One of the following statement is wrong. Which one is it?
Electron is an elementary quantity of negative electricity
Proton is an elementary quantity of positive electricity
An atom is composed of a central nucleus and orbital electrons
The mass of an electron is heavier than that of a proton

A

The mass of an electron is heavier than that of a proton

350
Q

What are compounds with the same molecular formula bur with different structural formula?

A

Isomers

351
Q

What is formed when a carboxylic acid and an alcohol react, with water as a by-product?

A

Ester

352
Q

What common carboxylic acid is found in yogurt?

A

Lactic acid

353
Q

What carboxylic acid is found in grapes?

A

Tartaric acid

354
Q

What carboxlic acid is found in coconut oil?

A

Lauric acid

355
Q

What do you call the distance pattern in space which the atoms of metal arranged themselves whem they combine to produce a substance of recognizable size?

A

Space-lattice

356
Q

When a solid has crustalline structure, the atoms arranged in repeating structures called?

A

Unit cell

357
Q

What refers to a crystal imperfection charavterized by regions of severe atomic misfit where atoms are not properly surrounded by neighbor atoms?

A

Dislocation

358
Q

What is the process of putting back the lost electrons to convert the ion back to a metal?

A

Reduction

359
Q

Oxidation in an electrochemical cell always takes place where?

A

At the anode

360
Q

Reduction in an electrochemical cell always takes place where?

A

At the cathode

361
Q

What is equal to the fraction of the isotopes in a naturally occurring sample of the element?

A

The relative abundance of the isotope

362
Q

What refers to salts of weak bases dissolving in water to form acidic solution?

A

Hydrolysis

363
Q

Which of the following elements has the highest atomic number?

A

Plutonium

364
Q

All are properties of gaseous state except one. Which one?
May be expanded or may be compressed
Have low desities
Indefinite shape
Mixed uniformly when soluble in one another

A

Mixed uniformly when soluble in one another

365
Q

All are properties of liquid state except one. Which one?
Do not expand nor compress to any degree
Usually flow readily
Indefinite shape but fixed volume
Do not mix by diffusion

A

Do not mix by diffusion

366
Q

What type of hydrocarbons do not contain the benzene group or the benzene rin?

A

Aliphatic hydrocarbon

367
Q

What is an organic compound that contains the hydroxyl group?

A

Alcohol

368
Q

What is a reaction in which one molecule adds to another?

A

Additional reaction

369
Q

Oxygen comprises what percent in mass in the earth’s crust?

A

49.5

370
Q

What percent of the human body is carbon?

A

18%

371
Q

What refers to how closely individual measurments agree with each other?

A

Precission

372
Q

What is the physical appearance of sodium?

A

Silver metal

373
Q

What is the physcial appearance of chlorine?

A

Yellowish gas

374
Q

What is the physical appearnce of sodium chloride?

A

White crystal

375
Q

Who proposed the quatum theory in 1900?

A

Max planck

376
Q

What is a general term that refers to an allowed energy state for an electron in the atom?

A

Quantum energy level

377
Q

What is general term that refers to an allowed energy state for an electron in the atom?

A

Quantum energy level

378
Q

Who performed an experiment in 1887 that yielded the charge-to-mass electron in the atom?

A

J.J. Thompson

379
Q

What is an alloy of mercury with another metal or metals?

A

Amalgam

380
Q

What is an alloy of mercury with another metal or metals?

A

Amalgam,,

381
Q

A compound that contains at least one amino group and least one carboxyl group is called?

A

Amino acid

382
Q

A molecular orbit that is of higher energy aand lower stavility than the atomic orbitals from which it was formed is called?

A

Antibonding molecular orbital

383
Q

A molecular orbit that is of lower energy and greater stability than the atomic orbitals from which it was formed is called?

A

Bonding molecular orbital

384
Q

An ion containing a central metal cation bonded to one or more molecules or ions called?

A

Complex ion

385
Q

Compounds containing CN- ion are called

A

Cyanides

386
Q

A molecule that does not possess a dipole moment is called?

A

Nonpolar molecule

387
Q

What refers to a substance that when dissolved in water, gives a solution that is notelectrically conducting?

A

Non-electrolyte

388
Q

What refers to a chemical formula that shows how atoms are bonded to one another in a molecule?

A

Structual formula

389
Q

What refers to ions that are not involed in the overall reaction?

A

Spectator ions

390
Q

A compound distinguised by a high molar mass, ranging into thousands and millions of grams, and made up of amny repaeting cells is called?

A

Polymer

REE(Objectives) (8 decks)

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