Chemistry Flashcards
What is an element
A substance made up of one type of atom. So cannot not be split up into smaller substances
How many elements are in normally present in the human body?
26
What are the four major elements
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
What are subatomic particles ?
Protons, neutrons and electrons
What does the proton and neutron form ?
The nucleus of an atom
What charge does a proton have and what is the mass?
Positive charge and a mass of approximately 1 atomic unit
What charge does a neutrons have and what is the mass?
A neutron have no charge and has a mass of 1 atomic unit
What charge does a electron have and what is the mass?
An electron is negatively charged and buzz around the outside of the nucleus. Creating an electron cloud. They have virtually no mass
How many electrons and protons does an element have ?
Equal number of protons and electrons resulting in a overall negative charge
What is an electron shell?
Groups of electrons that move around the nucleus
Where do the electrons pair up ?
Within their shells
When does an atom become reactive?
If it’s outer shell isn’t full or if it loses an electron
What is a free radical ?
When a atom loses an electron and the electron is unpaired
What are the chemicals properties of an atom reliant on ?
The number of protons and electrons
What is a periodic table?
A list of the currently known elements arranged in columns and rows that show us which elements share similar reactivity and physical properties
What does the number assigned to each element mean ?
How many protons ,and therefore how many electrons each atom has
What does the larger number indicate?
The mass number - weight in atomic units.
It tells us how much the atom weighs so can be used to work court the number of neutrons-as the electron weigh nothing
atoms have to be in even numbers
2, 8, 8
Period table explain
small number is atomic number
The larger number is
Any atom will always be neutral as the protons and atoms cancel each other out.
The outer shell determines where an atom is in the periodic table
E.eg Sodium has 1 in the outer shell therefore in group 1
Noble gases
outer shell always has 8
Halogens
Always have 7 in the outer shell
Isotope, why does it act in the same why ?
Atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons, because it has the same amount of protons and neutrons
Radiation comes from isotopes
Because unstable neutrons that get rid of the neutrons -becomes radioactive, gamma, alpha and beta
Ionic bonding
Give and receive elections, only give up to two
what des Nacl stay together?
Because opposite attracts so stay together
what does electro negativity means
Pull electrons closer to the centre, e.g Florine, oxygen and nitrogen. Pull electrons closer to the centre.
what does polarity mean?
When one side is slightly negative and the other slightly positive
why is water is polar. Universal solvent
Because is can dissolve in things.
Anything that is polar can dissolve water
what is an oil
Non- polar.
Anything that has a charge can dissolve
what are electrolytes?
An ion that is has a charged
reactants together makes what ?
Products
what does activation energy
the minimum amount of energy needed to for atoms to collide
what are three things that are needed for a reaction to occur
Heat, energy and pressure
What are enzymes?
A type of enzyme, so that a reaction can take place in the body at 370C activation energy.
pineapple, papaya- a type of protozoa makes the meats more tender
Natural occurring enzyme
Statins - HMG-CoA
Lowers colerestral however reduces
c0-10 fuel to make ATP , therefore makes you tired
what is anablic reaction
metabolism is equal to anabolic and catabolism
what is hydrolysis?
breaking down of water
What is dehydration ?
Taking water out
What is dehydration?
when water is formed as a waste product
what is important buffer system
Kidney- mops up the extra acidity- bicarbonate
chronic kidney disease
unable to get rid of acidity or alkaline,
Free radicals
Unpaired electron, unstable, can lead to cancer, athristic
carboxyl
carboxyl and amino
explain the process of digestion from the mouth to digestion
what is an isomer?
same chemical formula but different structure formula
Explain a glyocosidic bond ?
l
What is a quick releasing starch
amylopectin
What are the functions of fibre
what are bad fats
Transfat
What are lipids for?
brain health, nervous system, eyes. Omega 3.
Polyunsatured Fats
Bad fats, sunflower oil, rapeseed, oil, vegetables oils
Longer you expose to heat and light- makes free radicles
why is omega 3 and 6 ?
its the the number of closer double bond is to the carbon chain
Is is essential because we cannot make it in our diet
Trans fat why is bad ?
membranes not leaky
Hydrogen bonds on the opposite side of the double bonds
Can be stored longer, shelf life
Stiffen cell members
Can change to cis fats by heating over and over
Why is omega 6 not so good ?
Causes inflammatory, prostaglandins
what are the functions of EFAs
Digestion, heart, brain, nerve transmission, fluidity
Polyunsaturated fats what is not good for?
prone to oxidation because of the double bonds. Lightly to be attack to free radicles and continues to cause
Saturated fat
The best as no double bonds
what is the benefit of using extra virgin
have more anti-oxidants
VlDL
carry tricerides
How are omega 3 ad 6 named ?
The closer double bond to the end of the chain
