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Forensics > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are orbitals?

A

Electrons dont have the same amount of energy and so they are broken down into subshells called orbitals/

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2
Q

What is the orbital order?

A

1s, 2s, 2p 3s, 3p,4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f

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3
Q

Describe electrons in terms of spin

A

Two possible states- ‘spin up’ and ‘spin down’ Each electron has a different spin state

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3
Q

Describe electrons in terms of spin

A

Two possible states- ‘spin up’ and ‘spin down’ Each electron has a different spin state

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4
Q

Define a positve and negative charge

A

Positive- When an atom loses electrons

Negative- When an atom gains electrons

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5
Q

What is electrostatic attraction?

A

The force experienced by oppositely charged particles. It holds the particles strongly together

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6
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A
  • When an atom loses one or more electron and donates it to another.
  • Between metals (losing) and non-metals (gaining)
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7
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A
  • Occurs between two non-metals

- A covalent bond forms when an electron is shared between the atoms

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8
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

A compound that contains one or more carbons in a carbon chain

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9
Q

What is a lone pair?

A

`A non-binding pair of electons

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10
Q

What is metallic bonding?

A
  • The sharing of free electrons among a structure of positively charged ions
  • Between two metals
  • Electrons move in a ‘sea’ of electons
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11
Q

What is a non-polar molecule?

A

A molecules where the electrons are distributed evenly throughout the molecule

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12
Q

What is a polar molecule?

A

A molecule with partial positive charge in one part of the molecule and a similar negative charge in another part due to uneven electron distribution

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13
Q

What is electronegativity

A

The tendacy of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. Atoms that have similar electronegativities form covalent bonds.

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14
Q

What are the two types of covalent bonding?

A

Polar and non-polar covalent bonding

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15
Q

What are intermolecular forces?

A

The attraction or repulsion between neighbouring molecules. All of the attractions are called Van der Waals forces

16
Q

What are london dispersion forces?

A
  • London dispersion forces are a type of force acting between atoms and molecules that are normally electrically symmetric
  • Weakest force
17
Q

What are dipole-dipole forces?

A

-Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule

18
Q

What is hydrogen bonding?

A
  • Strongest force

- When there is an attraction between the positive end of one and the lone pair of electrons on the other.

19
Q

What is the equation for molar mass

A

Molar mass= mass/number of moles

20
Q

What is a mole?

A

1 mole= 6.022 x 10 to 23

21
Q

How to work out the relative formula mass?

A

The total sum of all the relative atomic masses

22
Q

What is the relative atomic mass?

A

Tells you how much mass there is in one mole of the element

23
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

The ratio between elements in a chemical compound

24
Q

What is the molecular formula?

A

To work it out you need the relative molecular mass and the empirical formula.

25
Q

How do you work out the number of moles?

A

Number of moles= Molarity x volume of solution N=CV

26
Q

What is titration?

A

A method of volumetric analysis used to calculate the concentration of a solution

27
Q

Ho do you work out percentage yeild?

A

actual mass/theoretical mass x100%

28
Q

What are cations and anions?

A

Cations- Ions with a positive charge

Anions- Ions with a negative charge

29
Q

Define isoelectric

A

Having the same numbers of electrons

30
Q

What is periodicity?

A

The repeating pattern seen by the elements in the periodic table

31
Q

What is electron affinity?

A

The atoms ability to gain an electron and become a negative ion

32
Q

What is first ionisation energy?

A

The energy needed for one mole of electrons to be removed from one gaseous atoms

33
Q

Define ductile

A

Can be hammered and it doesnt break

34
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons from an atom/ion

35
Q

What are allotropes?

A

two or more differnt physical forms that an element can exist

36
Q

What is redox?

A

The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions

Forensics (3 decks)

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