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Forensics > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are Eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Multicellular organisms
  • Has a nucleus
  • In plants and animals
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2
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A
  • Single-celled organisms
  • Do not have a nucleus
  • Are in bacteria
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3
Q

What are the 2 types of microscopes?

A

Electron and light

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of microscopes?

A

Electron and light

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5
Q

Give properties of a light microscope

A
  • Can see colour
  • Specimen can be alive
  • Lower resolution
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6
Q

Give properties of an electron microscope

A
  • Higher resolution
  • Can only see dead organisms
  • Can only see black and white
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7
Q

What is the magnification equation?

A

IAM

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8
Q

What is the nucleus

A

The organelle that contains the cells DNA

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9
Q

What is the ribosome?

A

The organelle that makes proteins

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10
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

The organelle that processes and transports proteins

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11
Q

What is the lysosome?

A

The organelle that digests food particles, wastes and cell parts

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12
Q

What is one of the kety functions for the cell?

A

To synthesise proteins for use inside the cell, to lead cell multipilcation and for secretion of the cell

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13
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid inside the cell. It is the medium for chemical reaction. It provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell.

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14
Q

What is the cell membrane

A

To help protect the cell and let substances in and out of the cell

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15
Q

What is the main function of the nucleolus?

A

The primary function of the nucleolus is in facilitating ribosome biogenesis

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16
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

Protects and supports each cell and the whole plant

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17
Q

What is the chloroplast?

A

Site of photosynthesis. Light energy is trapped by the chlorophll

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18
Q

What is the vacuole in a plant cell?

A

Vacuoles help maintain water balance. Sometimes a single vacuole can take up most of the interior space of the plant cell.

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19
Q

What is the tonoplast?

A

Selectively permeable to allow small molecules to pass through

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20
Q

What is the amyloplast?

A

Responsible for teh synthesis and storage of starch granules

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21
Q

What is the plasmodesmata?

A

Enables transport and communication between individual plant cells

22
Q

What are pits?

A

Allow water to enter and leabe xylem vessels

23
Q

What are bacterial cells?

A

Cells that produce and secrete toxins that have an effect on other organsims

24
Q

What is the capsule in a bacterial cell?

A

It protects the cell and prevents dessication

25
Q

What is the plasmids in a bacterial cell?

A

They carry genes that may benefit the survival of the organism

26
Q

What colour are gram postive and negative bacteria?

A

Positive- Purple

Negative- Red

27
Q

Explain the steps of grams staining

A

1- Add crystal violet (purple dye)
2-Add iodine
3-Add alcohol (decolorization)
4-Add sanfranin (counterstain)

28
Q

Give properties of gram negative bacteria

A
  • Thin cell wall

- 2 lipid membranes ( 1 either side)

29
Q

Give properties of postive bacteria

A
  • Thicker cell wall

- 1 lipid membrane (inside the cell wall)

30
Q

What is a specilised cell?

A

A cell that has a special shape and features that allows it to carry out a particular task

31
Q

Give example of specialised cells

A
  • Root hair cells

- Sperm cell

32
Q

What are the 3 types of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Squamous epithelial tissue
  • Ciliated columnar epithelial tissue
  • Endothelial tissue
33
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
34
Q

What is the z line?

A

The Z-line defines the lateral boundaries of the sarcomere

35
Q

What is the sacromere?

A

The span from one z-line to another

36
Q

What are the 2 types of muscle fibres?

A
  • Slow twitch

- Fast twitch

37
Q

Give properties of fast twitch muscles

A
  • Dont need oxygen
  • Fast to fire;best for explosive movements
  • Tire out quickly
  • Suited for short bursts of activity
38
Q

Give properties of slow twitch muscles

A
  • Efficient in using oxygen
  • Delayed muscle firing
  • Dont fatigue easily
  • Suited for endurance
39
Q

What is the resting potential?

A

The term given to a neuron that is not transmitting an action potential and is at rest

40
Q

What is the action potential?

A

An action potential is defined as a sudden change of the resting membrane potential.

41
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of?

A

Brain and spine

42
Q

What is the myelin sheath

A

It’s an insulating layer, that forms around nerves. This myelin sheath allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.

43
Q

What is the node of ranvier

A

It’s a periodic gap in the insulating sheath (myelin) on the axon of certain neurons that serves to facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses.

44
Q

What is the soma?

A

The soma, or cell body, is where the signals from the dendrites are joined and passed on.

45
Q

What is the dendrite?

A

The receiving part of the neuron. Dendrites receive synaptic inputs from axonsw

46
Q

What is the axon terminal?

A

Axon terminals are small swellings that are found at the terminal ends of axons. They are typically the sites where synapses with other neurons are found,

47
Q

What is tehe nervous system made u of?

A

Neurons

48
Q

What is depolarisation?

A

The change of the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the cell

49
Q

What is repolarisation?

A

The restoration of the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the cell

50
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells. (A gap)

51
Q

How does the nerve cross the synapse?

A

Through a neurotransmitter

52
Q

Give an example of a genetic disease

A

Parkinsons:

  • Cant produce dopamine, which helps with normal movements
  • Symptoms: Slow speech, tremors
  • L-dopa drug replaces the dopamine

Forensics (3 decks)

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