Biology Flashcards
What are Eukaryotic cells?
- Multicellular organisms
- Has a nucleus
- In plants and animals
What are prokaryotic cells?
- Single-celled organisms
- Do not have a nucleus
- Are in bacteria
What are the 2 types of microscopes?
Electron and light
What are the 2 types of microscopes?
Electron and light
Give properties of a light microscope
- Can see colour
- Specimen can be alive
- Lower resolution
Give properties of an electron microscope
- Higher resolution
- Can only see dead organisms
- Can only see black and white
What is the magnification equation?
IAM
What is the nucleus
The organelle that contains the cells DNA
What is the ribosome?
The organelle that makes proteins
What is the golgi apparatus?
The organelle that processes and transports proteins
What is the lysosome?
The organelle that digests food particles, wastes and cell parts
What is one of the kety functions for the cell?
To synthesise proteins for use inside the cell, to lead cell multipilcation and for secretion of the cell
What is the cytoplasm?
The cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid inside the cell. It is the medium for chemical reaction. It provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell.
What is the cell membrane
To help protect the cell and let substances in and out of the cell
What is the main function of the nucleolus?
The primary function of the nucleolus is in facilitating ribosome biogenesis
What is the cell wall?
Protects and supports each cell and the whole plant
What is the chloroplast?
Site of photosynthesis. Light energy is trapped by the chlorophll
What is the vacuole in a plant cell?
Vacuoles help maintain water balance. Sometimes a single vacuole can take up most of the interior space of the plant cell.
What is the tonoplast?
Selectively permeable to allow small molecules to pass through
What is the amyloplast?
Responsible for teh synthesis and storage of starch granules
What is the plasmodesmata?
Enables transport and communication between individual plant cells
What are pits?
Allow water to enter and leabe xylem vessels
What are bacterial cells?
Cells that produce and secrete toxins that have an effect on other organsims
What is the capsule in a bacterial cell?
It protects the cell and prevents dessication
What is the plasmids in a bacterial cell?
They carry genes that may benefit the survival of the organism
What colour are gram postive and negative bacteria?
Positive- Purple
Negative- Red
Explain the steps of grams staining
1- Add crystal violet (purple dye)
2-Add iodine
3-Add alcohol (decolorization)
4-Add sanfranin (counterstain)
Give properties of gram negative bacteria
- Thin cell wall
- 2 lipid membranes ( 1 either side)
Give properties of postive bacteria
- Thicker cell wall
- 1 lipid membrane (inside the cell wall)
What is a specilised cell?
A cell that has a special shape and features that allows it to carry out a particular task
Give example of specialised cells
- Root hair cells
- Sperm cell
What are the 3 types of epithelial tissue?
- Squamous epithelial tissue
- Ciliated columnar epithelial tissue
- Endothelial tissue
What are the 3 types of muscle?
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
What is the z line?
The Z-line defines the lateral boundaries of the sarcomere
What is the sacromere?
The span from one z-line to another
What are the 2 types of muscle fibres?
- Slow twitch
- Fast twitch
Give properties of fast twitch muscles
- Dont need oxygen
- Fast to fire;best for explosive movements
- Tire out quickly
- Suited for short bursts of activity
Give properties of slow twitch muscles
- Efficient in using oxygen
- Delayed muscle firing
- Dont fatigue easily
- Suited for endurance
What is the resting potential?
The term given to a neuron that is not transmitting an action potential and is at rest
What is the action potential?
An action potential is defined as a sudden change of the resting membrane potential.
What is the central nervous system made up of?
Brain and spine
What is the myelin sheath
It’s an insulating layer, that forms around nerves. This myelin sheath allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.
What is the node of ranvier
It’s a periodic gap in the insulating sheath (myelin) on the axon of certain neurons that serves to facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses.
What is the soma?
The soma, or cell body, is where the signals from the dendrites are joined and passed on.
What is the dendrite?
The receiving part of the neuron. Dendrites receive synaptic inputs from axonsw
What is the axon terminal?
Axon terminals are small swellings that are found at the terminal ends of axons. They are typically the sites where synapses with other neurons are found,
What is tehe nervous system made u of?
Neurons
What is depolarisation?
The change of the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the cell
What is repolarisation?
The restoration of the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the cell
What is a synapse?
The site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells. (A gap)
How does the nerve cross the synapse?
Through a neurotransmitter
Give an example of a genetic disease
Parkinsons:
- Cant produce dopamine, which helps with normal movements
- Symptoms: Slow speech, tremors
- L-dopa drug replaces the dopamine
