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Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

acidic solution

A

a solution that contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions

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2
Q

activation energy

A

energy that must be added to start a chemical reaction; the smallest amount of energy needed to convert a stable, normal molecule into a reactive molecule

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3
Q

anion

A

atom or group of atoms with a negative electrical charge

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4
Q

atomic mass

A

sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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5
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in the nucleus

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6
Q

Avogadro’s number

A

number of particles in a mole: 6.02 x 10(23)

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7
Q

basic solution

A

a solution that contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions

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8
Q

catalyst

A

substance that lowers the activation energy of a reaction and therefore speeds up the resulting rate

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9
Q

cation

A

atom or group of atoms with a positive electrical charge

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10
Q

chemical reaction

A

process by which atoms of substances become rearranged to form new substances
Equation:
Reactant A + Reactant B = Product C + Product D

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11
Q

colligative properties

A

characteristics of a solution that are a function of concentration

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12
Q

covalent bond

A

the chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

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13
Q

decomposition reaction

A

a reaction in which a single compound breaks down into two or more elements or compounds
AB = A + B

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14
Q

double-displacement reaction

A

a reaction in which two different ionic compounds exchange ions
AB + CD = AD + CB

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15
Q

electron

A

negatively charged particle in motion surrounding the nucleus of an atom

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16
Q

endothermic

A

reaction or process that requires energy and usually feels cold to the touch

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17
Q

energy flow

A

the release of stored energy through chemical changes

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18
Q

exothermic

A

process or reaction that releases energy and usually produces heat

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19
Q

extensive properties (extrinsic)

A

properties that depend on the amount of matter present

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20
Q

group

A

column on the periodic table of elements with common outer shell configurations and characteristics

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21
Q

heterogeneous mixture

A

mixture in which substances that retain their distinct characteristics and do not blend completely

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22
Q

homogeneous mixtures

A

mixture in which two or more distinct substances have a constant composition within a sample

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23
Q

intensive property (intrinsic)

A

characteristic of a substance that is independent of the amount of material present

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24
Q

ion

A

atom with an unbalanced number of positive and negative charges

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25
Q

ionic bond

A

chemical bond formed by transfer of one or more electrons between atoms

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26
Q

isotope

A

form of an element with differing numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons

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27
Q

mass number

A

the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons

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28
Q

molar mass

A

mass of one mole of a pure substance

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29
Q

mole

A

a convenient measure that identifies the number of particles, 6.02 x 10(23), and is equal t the number of grams of a substance from the atomic mass on the periodic table

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30
Q

neutralization

A

a reaction between a base and an acid that produces a neutral (ph = 7) solution
when acids and bases react together to form salt and water
Equation:double displacement between and acid(HX) and base(YOH)

HX + YOH = YX + HOH(H2O)

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31
Q

nonpolar

A

substance that has an equal distribution of electrons between atoms or symmetrical shape so that no part of the molecule is more positive or negative

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32
Q

nuclear reaction

A

change that affects the nucleus of an atom

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33
Q

periodic table

A

chart that organizes the elements based on their properties

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34
Q

phase diagram

A

a graph showing the state, or phase, of a substance at any combination of temperature and pressure

35
Q

polar

A

molecular structure having one or more poles that attract opposites to each other, as in phospholids, where the polar heads arrange themselves opposite each other to create an oily membrane interior; substance that has an unequal distribution of electrons between atoms

36
Q

polyatomic ion

A

group of charged covalently bonded atoms

37
Q

polymer

A

large molecule formed by combining smaller molecular units in a repeating pattern

38
Q

precipitation

A

Earth Science: water falling to Earth in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail; Chemistry: separating a substance from a solution as a solid

39
Q

radioactive decay

A

the process in which atoms of one element within the rock break down to forms elements of another element

40
Q

radioactivity

A

process by which an atom spontaneously releases particles or energy from its nucleus

41
Q

reversible reaction

A

a reaction in which products become reactants, and the reaction is endothermic

42
Q

saturated

A

a solution that has all the solute dissolved that can be physically dissolved in that solution; for electrons, saturation occurs when one electron is shared per atom as apposed to two electrons shared with two atoms (a double bond) therefore there are only single bonds present in the hydrocarbons

43
Q

single-displacement reaction

A

a reaction in which the atoms of one element replace the atoms of another element in a compound
AB + C = A + BC

44
Q

solubility

A

maximum amount of a substance that will dissolve in a particular solvent at a given temperature and pressure

45
Q

solute

A

substance added to a solvent to produce a solution

46
Q

solution

A

combination of solute and solvent that are equally dispersed

47
Q

solvent

A

substance that dissolves the solute in a solution

48
Q

supersaturated

A

unstable solution which under the right trigger will precipitate a solid

49
Q

synthesis reaction

A

a reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a single product; also called a composition reaction
A + B = C

50
Q

unsaturated solution

A

solution containing less solute than the solubility under given conditions

51
Q

valence electron

A

electrons that have the highest energy level, are held most furthest away from, and less tightly to the nucleus

52
Q

matter

A

the material substances that make up the entire Universe

53
Q

mass

A

the measure of the amount of matter within an object; an extrinsic property

54
Q

element

A

pure substance made up of only one type of atom

55
Q

compound

A

two or more elements chemically bonded together to form a new substance with new properties

56
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms covalently bonded into a single unit

57
Q

nucleus

A

the cell part containing DNA and RNA; responsible for growth and reproduction; the positively-charged, dense center of an atom

58
Q

metallic bond

A

form between metal atoms

59
Q

chemical property

A

characteristic of a substance that can be observed when it undergoes a chemical reaction

60
Q

d orbital

A

electron configuration found first in period 3 which is common to all transition elements

61
Q

electron cloud

A

area outside the nucleus of an atom that contains electrons in motion

62
Q

electron configuration

A

area for finding the electron of an atom with high probability as described by a mathematical equation

63
Q

f orbital

A

electron configuration found first in period 4 which is common to all lanthanide and actinide elements

64
Q

mixture

A

a combination of two or more substances that retain their individual properties; the composition of a mixture can vary from sample to sample

65
Q

neutron

A

neutrally charged particle that has a mass equal to a proton and is found in the nucleus of an atom;
1/1840 the mass of a proton

66
Q

p orbital

A

electron configuration which first shows up in period 2 and is common to all elements in groups 13-18

67
Q

physical property

A

characteristic, such as color, odor, or density, and can be determined without reacting the substance to observe it

68
Q

proton

A

positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom

69
Q

s orbital

A

electron configuration common to all elements in groups 1 and 2

70
Q

subatomic particle

A

electron, proton or neutron

71
Q

substance

A

matter that has a uniform composition

72
Q

metallic bond

A

form between metal atoms

73
Q

boiling point elevation

A

due to dissolved particles, the temperature at which a solution boils is higher than if it were only the solvent

74
Q

freezing point depression

A

due to dissolved particles, the temperature at which a solution

75
Q

concentration

A

amount of one substance per unit of mixture

76
Q

metal

A

lustrous ductile solid elements that conduct heat and electricity found mostly on the lefthand side of the periodic table

77
Q

molar volume

A

22.4 liters of a gas at standard temperature and pressure

78
Q

number of molecules

A

later the mole was named Avogadro’s number based on his

79
Q

period

A

horizontal row on the periodic table with a common number of energy levels

80
Q

polar molecule

A

molecule in which electrons are not shared equally be atoms, resulting in electrical asymmetry

81
Q

combustion reaction

A

A combustion reaction is a type of redox reaction in which a combustible material combines with an oxidizer to form oxidized products and generate heat (exothermic reaction). Usually in a combustion reaction oxygen combines with another compound to form carbon dioxide and water. An example of a combustion reaction is the burning of naphthalene:

C10H8 + 12 O2 → 10 CO2 + 4 H2O

82
Q

acid

A

a substance that forms hydrogen ions in aqueous solution

pH- smaller than 7; larger [H3O+] than water (neutral: pH=7; [H3O+]=1.0 x 10(-7))

83
Q

base

A

a substance that forms hydroxide ions in aqueous solution
pH- larger than 7; smaller [H3O+] than water
(neutral: pH=7; [H3O+]=1.0 x 10(-7))

Basic Science (12 decks)

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