Chemistry 1, 2, 3 Questions Flashcards
Addition Polymers Definition?
Made from UNsaturated monomers. Have a double covalent bond. Lots of unsaturated monomers can open up their covalent bonds and join to form POLYMER CHAINS.
Colloid Definition
Consist of really tiny particles of one kind mixed in with another kind. They are dispersed in, not dissolved.
Word Equation For Thermal Decomposition Of Baking Powder?
Sodium hydrogencarbonate (baking powder) = sodium carbonate + carbon dioxide + water
Balanced Symbol Equation for Thermal Decomposition?
2NaHCO3 = Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
What Is Esterification?
Acid + Alcohol = Ester + Water
What Is A Solute?
The substance being dissolved (e.g salt)
What is a Solvent?
The liquid its dissolving into (e.g water)
What is an emulsion?
A mixture of oil and water
What is an ionic bond?
The attraction between a positive and negative ion
What is a Covalent Bond?
A shared pair of electrons
In the electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solution what is made at the anode
and cathode?
Chloride is made at the anode and hydrogen at the cathode
Benefits of the limestone industry?
Is a valuable natural resource which can be used to make things like glass and concrete. Limestone quarrying provides employment which supports the economy in towns near the quarry
Drawbacks of the limestone industry?
Quarrying takes up lots of land. Making holes in the ground can be disfiguring and unpleasing. Quarrying makes lots of dust and noise, which has a negative impact on people’s quality of life.
What is the test for thermal decomposition?
Green copper carbonate, when heated, turns into black copper oxide and gives of carbon dioxide.
Why doesn’t aluminium corrode quickly?
It forms a protective layer of aluminium oxide on its surface
What is the test for chlorine?
Damp blue litmus paper turns red then white
Why should the electrodes used in electrolysis of brine be inert?
So that they don’t react with the products of the electrolysis
Optimum conditions in a production plant are chosen to give what?
The lowest production cost per kg of product
What are the main metals found in amalgam, brass and solder?
Amalgam=mercury,
What is the lithosphere?
The relatively cold and rigid outer part of the Earth
Name two types of igneous rock formed by magma and how they are formed
Iron-rich basalt is formed from runny magma and when the eruption is relatively safe. Silica-rich rhyolite is formed by explosive eruptions and produces thick lava
Word equation for thermal decomposition?
Calcium Carbonate = calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
What is thermal decomposition?
When one substance chemically breaks down into two new ones when heated
In a faster reaction, how would the line look like on a graph?
It has a STEEPER GRADIENT and it becomes horizontal SOONER (so the reaction time is a lot less)
How do you calculate percentage yield?
Actual yield ➗ predicted yield ✖️ 100
Which process is labour intensive?
Batch, such as making pharmaceutical drugs.
What does it mean to get 0% yield?
No product has been made
What can be said about the amount of product formed in a reaction?
It is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to the amount of limiting reactant
What is the ‘predicted yield’?
The maximum mass of product possible.
A chemical that is needed in large amounts is made by a batch or a continuous process?
Continuous, such as Ammonia in the Haber Process
What are the advantages of continuous production?
- Rate of production is high
- Shut down times are rare
- Few people are needed for the workforce
- Relatively easy to start up
Which reaction is bond breaking and bond making?
Endothermic is bond BREAKING and exothermic is bond MAKING.
What are the disadvantages of batch production?
- The rate of production is low
- Shut down times are often
- Many people are needed to work
- Relatively difficult to start up
In an endothermic reaction what happens?
Energy is ABSORBED from the surroundings
What are Fullerenes?
Molecules of carbon, shaped like hollow balls or closed tubes
Why are diamonds ideal for cutting tools?
The carbon atoms are firmed in a very rigid giant covalent structure. It also has a high melting point.
Why is graphite ideal as a lubricating material?
The sheets of carbon atoms are held together weakly, so they are slippery and can be rubbed off onto paper.
How can you increase the rate of reaction?
Increasing the concentration, increasing the temperature and increasing the pressure.
Why is it better to have a high atom economy?
It makes lots of profit, not a lot of products are wasted and products are not used up quickly.
Yields are always less than 100%. What four different ways can result in product or reactant being lost?
Evaporation, Filtration, Transferring Liquids and the fact that not all of the reactants react to make a product.
What different reasons are there that Pharmaceutical Drugs cost a lot?
Research and Development, Trialling and Manufacture.
What is a colloid?
In a colloid, particles of one substance are mixed and dispersed with particles of another substance - but they are not dissolved in it.
In paints, what is the binding medium?
A liquid polymer that hardens to form a continuous layer when the paint dries
How do phosphorescent pigments glow in the dark?
They absorb light energy and store it. This stored energy is released as light energy over a period of time.
