Biology 1, 2, 3 Questions Flashcards
What is MRSA and why has it been developed?
It’s a strain of bacteria that is resistant to certain antibiotics. It has developed because patients and doctors are misusing them. For example, doctors are overprescribing antibiotics or they don’t finish the course.
What is a homozygous person?
When someone has two identical alleles for a certain gene
What happens when blood sugar levels become too high?
Insulin is secreted, causing the liver to convert glucose into glycogen
What is type 1 diabetes caused by?
Failure to produce insulin
What does the eye do when accommodating to see a NEAR object?
The CILIARY muscles CONTRACT and the SUSPENSORY ligaments SLACKEN
What is Thrombosis and how can it lead to a heart attack?
Thrombosis is a blood clot. If a thrombosis occurs in an already narrowed coronary artery, an area of the heart muscle will be cut off from its oxygen supply, which then leads to a heart attack
What are the three most important elements provided by synthetic fertilisers?
Potassium, phosphorous and nitrogen
During exercise, why does heart rate increase?
To supply more oxygen and glucose to the respiring cells
Where does respiration happen in the cell?
Mitochondria
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen + ➡️ Carbon Dioxide + Water
Which parts of the heart pump blood?
The left and right VENTRICLES.
When is an enzyme’s optimum temperature?
The temperature at which an enzyme’s activity is greatest
Can radiation or chemicals cause mutations to happen more?
Both
How is the respiratory quotient calculated?
Carbon dioxide produced ➗ oxygen used
Are body cells described as HAPLOID or DIPLOID?
Diploid, meaning that they have TWO copies of each chromosome. (DI = TWO)
During meiosis, how many times does the cell divide?
The cell divides TWICE.
During meiosis, what is formed?
Gametes are formed, each with a single set of chromosomes.
What does the plasma in the blood do?
It carries GLUCOSE to the BODY CELLS
Which part of the blood destroys pathogens?
White blood cells
What is the job for the bicuspid and tricuspid VALVES?
To prevent BACKFLOW in the heart.
In which direction do the arteries carry the blood?
AWAY from the heart. (Arteries = Away)
Collagen and haemoglobin are examples of what?
Proteins
In decreasing complexity, what is the order of the things inside the nucleus?
Chromosome ➡️ Gene ➡️ Base
Which ventricle produces the highest blood pressure?
The RIGHT ventricle
What is an advantage of a double circulatory system?
It produces a HIGHER blood pressure, so there is a greater flow of blood to the tissues.
Blood vessels with a large lumen and valves are called what?
Veins
What are plant cell walls made out of?
Cellulose
What is differentiation?
When an unspecialised cell becomes a more specialised cell type.
Does mitosis produce daughter cells with the SAME number or DIFFERENT number of chromosomes as the parent cell?
The same number
What does the vacuole contain?
Cell sap
What is the best measure of growth of an organism?
Its DRY MASS
Compared to a body cell, how much genetic information does a gamete contain?
A gamete contains HALF of the genetic information.
Which organisms, plant or animal, can be genetically engineered?
Both
Which type of cell, animal or plant, lose the ability to specialise at an early stage?
Animal cells lose it at an early stage, but plant cells do not.
What is a clone?
Genetically identical organisms.
What can selective breeding be used for?
For maximum yield of meat, milk or grain, good health and disease resistant and other qualities like speed and attractiveness.
What 4 different functions do proteins have?
For Enzymes, Carrier Molecules (used to transport smaller molecules e.g haemoglobin), Hormones and Structural Proteins (e.g collagen to strengthen connective tissues like ligaments and cartilage)
What other cells contain lots of mitochondria?
Liver Cells (for energy demanding metabolic movement) and Muscle Cells (for movement)
What do the valves do?
Stop backflow when the heart relaxes
What do the left and right ventricles do?
Pump blood into arteries
What do the left and right atria do?
Receives blood from the veins
When are Diploid Zygotes produced?
When gametes combine.
Do enzymes have a high or low specificity for its substrate?
High
What is the acrosome?
The part of the sperm that releases DIGESTIVE ENZYMES.
Why might the genes controlling beta-carotene production be put into rice?
So that the human body can produce vitamin A from beta-carotene
Where can human stem cells come from?
Human embryos (embryonic stem cells) and adult bone marrow (adult stem cells)
How is DNA arranged in a bacterial cell?
As a SINGLE circular strand
Which cell division is used for growth and repair?
Mitosis
In asexual reproduction, how many parents are needed?
One
How many cells are produced in MITOSIS?
Two cells
What are the possible uses of animal cloning?
- Mass producing animals with desiring characteristics (cows with medicine in milk/produces lots of milk)
- Mass producing for organ transplants or insulin
- Producing human embryos to supply stem cells for therapy
What are the disadvantages of cloning plants?
Because if the lack of genetic variation, if one plant becomes exposed to diseases or changes in the environment, then all of them are affected.
What is an advantage of taking cuttings from plants?
Genetically identical plants can be grown QUICKLY and CHEAPLY.
Which blood vessels contain valves?
Semilunar valves
If a gene is transferred to tomato plants to slow down ripening, is it selective breeding or genetic engineering?
Genetic engineering.
What is an advantage of genetic engineering?
You can produce organisms with desired features
After hard exercise, what does panting do for excess lactic acid?
Anaerobic respiration causes an oxygen debt that has to be repaid to oxidise lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water.
