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School - Year 9 > Chemistry 1 > Flashcards

Chemistry 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are ceramics?

A

Ceramics are a range of hard, durable non-metallic materials, which are generally unaffected by heat.

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2
Q

What are the physical properties of ceramics?

A

Hard, stiff, strong when compressed, and brittle
high melting points and heat resistant
good insulators of heat and electricity
very unreactive

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3
Q

What happens when clay is heated?

A

When clay is heatd, chemical reactions occur and new compounds, such as china and porcelain, are formed.

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4
Q

What happens during the cooling of clay after it had been heated?

A

During cooling, crystals form and bind together in the ceramic.

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5
Q

What determines the size of the crystal? Explain why slow cooling generates bigger crystals

A

The size of the crystals depends on the speed of cooling. Slow cooling produces larger crystals because the atoms have more time to from a grid-like lattice structure.

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6
Q

What is in a lattice structure?

A

In a lattice structure there are a large number of atoms, in a fixed regular pattern, all joined to each other by strong bonds.

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7
Q

What is one reason why ceramics are so stiff?

A

One reason why ceramics are stiff is because there are so many atoms bonded to each other, with strong bonds, in a rigid structure.

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8
Q

Why do ceramics have a high melting point?

A

They have a high melting point because the high strength of the bonds is the reason why ceramics have such high melting points.

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9
Q

What are polymers?

A

A polymer has molecules made of long chains, which contain repeated groups of atoms.

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10
Q

What is rubber and its propeties?

A

Rubber is a polymer obtained from certain trees. It is soft and sticky when hot but it is hard and brittle when cold.

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11
Q

What can we use rubber from trees for?

A

We use this rubber to make some glues

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12
Q

How can the properties of rubber be changed?

A

The properties of rubber can be changed by vulcanisation

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13
Q

What is vulcanisation? What do the sulphur cross links do?

A

The rubber is heated with sulfur and a reaction occurs that forms cross-links between the long molecules. These cross-links make the rubber much harder and tougher, and stop its properties changing with temperature.

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14
Q

What are examples of a natural polymer?

A

Rubber is a natural polymer. Other examples include DNA, proteins, starch and cellulose.

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15
Q

What are synethic polymers?

A

Synthetic polymers are polymers manufactures using raw materials obtained from crude oil.

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16
Q

What is a polymerization reaction?

A

Polymerisation reactions in which lots of small molecules called monomers join together in chains.

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17
Q

What do polymerization reactions like to do (energy expulsion wise)

A

Polymerisation reactions like this transfer energy to the surroundings, making them warmer.

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18
Q

What are exothermic reactions?

A

Reactions that transfer energy to the surroundings are exothermic

19
Q

What are endothermic reactions?

A

Reactions that absorb energy from the surroundings, making them cooler, are endothermic.

20
Q

Tell me the monomer, properties and uses of poly(vinyl acetate) PVA

A

Vintl acetate
unreactive, flexible, plastic
sealents and adhesives

21
Q

Tell me the monomer, properties and uses of polypropene

A

Propene
Strong, waterproof, flexible, hardwearing
textiles, ropes

22
Q

Tell me the monomer, properties and uses of polytetrafluoroethylene

A

Tetrafluoroethene
Hard, heat-resistant, low friction surface
Non-stick surfaces for saucepans and baking trays.

23
Q

Composite material examples

A

Concrete paper plywood

24
Q

What are composite materials

A

Composite materials are combinations of two or more materials, with some of the properties of each.

25
Q

How are composite materials made?

A

Many composite materials are made by mixing fibres into a liquid resin which then sets hard.

26
Q

What is concrete

A

Concrete is a composite material that has been used for thousands of years.

27
Q

How do you make concrete

A

It is made from a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate (crushed rocks) and water.

28
Q

What is the main material of cement?

A

Calcium Oxide (lime)

29
Q

How is calcium oxide made

A

Calcium oxide (lime) is made by roasting calcium carbonate (limestone). The calcium carbonate breaks down in a thermal decomposition reaction: CACO3 (Calcium carbonate) -> CaO (Calcium oxide) + CO2 (Carbon dioxide)

30
Q

What type of reaction is calcium carbonate being roasted?

A

Very high temperatures are needed because this is an endothermic reaction.

31
Q

What happens when you add water to the concrete mixture

A

When water is added to the concrete mixture it reacts with the calcium oxide in an exothermic reaction. During exothermic changes energy is transferred to the surroundings, so their temperature rises.

32
Q

Describe the layers of Earth

A

Crust, Mantle, Inner core, Outer core

33
Q

Mantle

A

Widest section of the Earth. Made up of semi-molten rock called Magma.

34
Q

Crust

A

Outer layer of the Earth. The thinnest layer of the four. Solid rock layer that we live upon.

35
Q

Inner core

A

Hottest part of the Erath. It is solid and made up of iron and nickel.

36
Q

Outer core?

A

Liquid layer of the core. Extremely hot. Made up of iron and nickel.

37
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

Example: Limestone, sandstone and chalk
Layers: Yes
Soft or hard: Soft
Grains: small grains weakly held together
Porous or non-porous: Porous
Formation: Erosion breaks up the rocks and weathering moves the bits away. These grains are fixed together by compaction and cementation.
Fossil containing: Yes

38
Q

Metamorphic rock

A

Example: Marble slate
Layers: Thin layers
Soft or hard: Harder than sedimentary
Grains: Small crystals
Porous or non-porous: Non-porous
Formation: Extreme pressures and temperatures on sedimentary rock make metamorphic rocks
Fossil containing: Twisted fossils

39
Q

Igneous

A

Example: Granite and Basalt
Layers: No
Soft or hard: Hardest
Grains: Randomly arranged in interlocking big crystals
Porous or non-porous: Non-porous
Formation: The inside of the earth is very hot – hot enough to melt rocks. The molten rock is called magma. When the magma cools and solidifies igneous rock forms.
Fossil containing: No

40
Q

Porous meaning

A

(of a rock or other material) having minute spaces or holes through which liquid or air may pass.

41
Q

Rock cycle explained?

A

When molten magma solidifies on or close to the surface of the Earth, igneous rocks are formed.
Rocks on the Earth’s surface are broken down by weathering which involves physical, chemical and biological processes.
Small particles are transported in rivers and deposited in the sea. Here they are compressed into sedimentary rocks.
If these are exposed to heat and pressure they can be converted into metamorphic rocks.
If metamorphic rocks are buried even deeper, they can melt due to extreme heat, turning back into magma, restarting the cycle.

42
Q

3 types of recycling

A

Primary recycling - recyclable material/product is recovered and reused without being changed in any way and usually for the very same purpose

Secondary recycling - material/product is reused in some other way

Tertiary recycling - involves chemical altering of the material/product in order to make it reusable

43
Q

Why is recycling important?

A

Preserves wildlife, keeps habitats safe, saves money

School - Year 9 (5 decks)

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