Chemicals Used in Embalming Flashcards
1
Q
_______________ when working with embalming fluids.
A
Wear protection
2
Q
If fluids are splashed or spilled on the skin, flush these with ___________________
A
cold running water
3
Q
When using chemicals, make sure ___________ systems are in operation.
A
ventilation
4
Q
Dilute any spillage with ____________ and clean up the spill.
A
cool water
5
Q
DO NOT USE _______________ chemicals as antiseptic.
A
formaldehyde-based
6
Q
Keep _______________ available as well as chemical manufacturer’s first aid information.
A
chemical data sheets
7
Q
Be certain empty bottles that are to be destroyed have been _______________.
A
**flushed out with water
8
Q
Keep machine tanks and fluid bottles __________________ at all times to help reduce fumes and prevent accidental spills.
A
covered and capped
9
Q
Make sure formaldehyde is remove as much as possible before working with disinfectants such as ______________
A
sodium hypochlorite
10
Q
Pour _____________ into a filled jug or tank rather than filling after fluid is in the tank
A
embalming fluid
11
Q
What is the usage of formalin?
A
- Preservative
- Bactericide
- Disinfectant
12
Q
What is the saturated aqueous solution of formaldehyde gas?
A
Formalin
13
Q
Formalin by volume and weight
A
40% formaldehyde by volume
37% by weight
14
Q
Formalin by volume and weight
A
40% formaldehyde by volume
37% by weight
15
Q
What is the colorless gas with a pungent, penetrating odor?
A
Formaldehyde
16
Q
What is the solid form of formaldehyde?
A
Paraformaldehyde
17
Q
How many minutes should you wash in free flowing tap water the skin that had a direct contact with formalin?
A
15 minutes
18
Q
Go out of the embalming room when inhalation is excessive and stay in a ________________.
A
well-ventilated room (open area)
19
Q
Formalin is composed of _______________
A
- 40% formaldehyde by volume
- 50% water
- 10% methanol
20
Q
Formalin is acidic due to the presence of ______________
A
formic acid
21
Q
Paraformaldehyde powder is used in __________________
A
surface embalming
22
Q
Formaldehyde may be a ___________ and is a respiratory and skin sensitizer.
A
carcinogen
23
Q
First aid treatment: Formalin
A
- Wash with free flowing tap water for at least 15 minutes
- When inhalation is excessive go to well-ventilated area
- Flush eyes with free-flowing tap water for at least 15 minutes
- Drink large amount of water
- Call National Poison Control
- Go to nearest hospital
24
Q
Phenol is also known as ____________
A
Hydroxybenzene
25
Originally obtained by **distillation of coal tar** but **now synthesized from other hydrocarbons.**
**Phenol (hydroxybenzene)**
26
In it's pure form, __________ is odorless, interlaced, needle shaped crystal, sometimes acquiring pinkish tint.
**Phenol (hydroxybenzene)**
27
Phenol has __________, and readily absorbs water from moist air.
**aromatic odor**
28
Phenol (hydroxybenzene) is soluble in:
- **Water**
- **Alcohol**
- **Glycerin**
29
What's the taste of phenol?
- **sweetish and afterward burning**
- **benumbing caustic taste**
30
Where does phenol originates?
- **by distillation of coal tar**
- **NOW synthesized from other hydrocarbons**
31
True or False:
Phenol is strongly poisonous and irritating in high concentrations.
**True**
32
Usage of Phenol (hydroxybenzene):
- **Germicidal/Bactericidal**
- **Disinfectant**
- **Preservative**
- **Bleaching and drying agent**
33
Phenol may cause skin cancer.
Phenol is _____________
**mutagenic**
34
Phenol can cause inflame or burn eyes or can cause ______________
**cornea scarring**
35
First aid treatment of Phenol:
1. Wash with free-flowing tap water
2. Go out, and stay well-ventilated area
3. **Flush open eyelids with lukewarm free-flowing tap water for 30 minutes**
4. Remove contaminated clothing, wash gently and thoroughly **with non-abrasive soap for at least 10 minutes**
5. Rinse mouth thoroughly with water, don't do this on unconscious person
6. **Drink 250ml water**
7. **DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING**
8. Call National Poison Control Center
9. Go to nearest hospital
36
Another term for **Borax**
**Sodium Borate**
37
A white crystalline powder used for **making formalin stable in alkaline embalming fluids**
**Borax (Sodium Borate)**
38
In it's pure form Borax can be ______________
**Caustic and corrosive**
39
Borax is a common ingredient in detergents due to it's _______________
**antifungal properties**
40
Borax is an ___________ and _____________
- **alkalizing agent**
- **anti-coagulant**
41
First aid treatment for Borax:
1. Wash or flush eyes **with free-flowing tap water**
2. **Drink large amount of water**
3. **DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING**
4. Call National Poison Center
5. Go to nearest hospital
42
Describe glycerin
**A clear, colorless, syrupy liquid, a tri-hydric sugar alcohol**
43
Glycerin is a by-product from ________________
**manufacturing soap and biodiesel**
44
Glycerin is an enhancer of the _________________
**germicidal effects of other chemicals**
45
What does hygroscopic mean?
A substance that has the **ability to adsorb and absorb moisture or water from the surrounding environment**
46
In glycerin's pure form, it is ______________
**hygroscopic with sweet burning taste**
47
Usage of glycerin
- **Relaxing agent**
- **Anti-dehydrating agent**
- **Carrier for chemicals**
- **Good lubricator**
- **Anti-drying agent**
48
Glycerin ____________ and _____________ the firming and/or drying action of the preservative
**controls and delays**
49
First aid treatment glycerin:
1. Wash/flush eyes with **free-flowing tap water**
2. **Drink a large amount of** water
3. **DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING**
4. Call the Poison Center
5. Hospital if needed
50
**Organic compounds containing mercury** used as **anti-infective**
**Mercury Compounds**
- *Thimersol* (Merthiolate)
- *Merbromine* (Mercurochrome)
51
**Disinfectant, germicidal, preservative;** *creates an internal cosmetic effect* (restoring natural color to the tissues)
**Mercury Compound**
- *Thimersol* (Merthiolate)
- *Merbromine* (Mercurochrome)
52
Mercury compounds are no longer recommended due to _____________
**high mercury content**
53
Thimersol is _______ mercury by weight
**49%**
54
Usage of **mercury compounds** in embalming is specifically prohibited under the _____________________ because of their mercury content.
**IRR Governing the Disposal of Dead Bodies**
55
First aid of Mercury Compounds:
1. Wash with **free-flowing tap water**
2. **Diarrhea cases, give oral rehydration solution**
3. Call Poison Center
4. Hospital for severe cases
56
3 forms of Lime (Apog)
- **Powdered calcium carbonate**
- **Quick lime** (*calcium oxide*)
- **Slaked lime** (*calcium hydroxide*)
57
Powdered calcium carbonate is also called as _____________
- **Apog**
- **Calsomine powder**
- **Murallo**
58
What lime form is the only suitable form for embalming use?
**Powdered calcium carbonate**
59
Lime forms that strongly react with water and are very corrosive (should not be used in embalming)
- **Quick lime** (calcium oxide)
- **Slaked lime** (calcium hydroxide)
60
Usage of lime (apog)
**Absorb both bad odors and excess moisture**
61
First aid treatment for Lime (Apog)
1. Wash/flush eyes with **free-flowing tap water**
2. **Go in well-ventilated room**
3. **Drink large amount of water**
4. Call poison center
5. Hospital if needed
62
Chlorine bleach is also known as ________________
**Sodium Hypochlorite**
63
It's cheap and effective disinfectants
**Chlorine bleach**
(*sodium hypochlorite*)
64
Why should chlorine bleach never be mix with formaldehyde?
Because it **can form a very powerful carcinogen**
65
1:9 Ratio
(bleach and water)
**General purpose disinfectant**
66
1:10 Ratio
(bleach and water)
**Blood disinfectant**
67
1:19 Ratio
(bleach and water)
Overnight dirty **Glass jug disinfectant**
68
First aid treatment for Chlorine Bleach inhalation:
1. **Ensure safety before attempting rescue**
2. **Remove the source** of chlorine or **move victim** where there is fresh air
3. *If breathing stop*, **go to the nearest hospital**
69
First aid treatment for Chlorine bleach skin contact:
1. Wash **free-flowing tap water**
2. Remove contaminated clothing
70
First aid treatment for Chlorine bleach ingestion:
1. Rinse mouth thoroughly with water
2. **Drink lots of water**
3. **Milk may also be given**
4. **DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING**
5. Call the Poison Center
6. Hospital if needed
71
**Do not induce vomiting** with these chemical in case of ingestion:
1. **Phenol**
2. **Borax**
3. **Glycerin**
4. **Chlorine bleach**
5. **Kerosene and Thinner**
72
Signs and symptoms of _____________
Inhalation: dry throat/ sore throat, coughing, **difficulty in breathing** and severe exposure may cause fluid accumulation in the lungs **(pulmonary edema)**
Eyes: Teary eyes, **burning sensation, severe** eye burns
Skin contact: Repeated or prolonged skin contact can cause reddening, cracking due to *dryness*, itching, **burning sensation**
Ingestion: Vomiting, **burning sensation severe irritation** of mouth, throat and stomach, may be **fatal in some occasions**
**Formalin**
73
Sign and symptoms of _____________
Skin contact: Pain, burns, skin pigmentation, pimples, blisters, **skin sensitivity to light or tissue death**, long term exposure warts, sores, skin hardening, pigmentation of face, neck, limbs, groin, navel
**May cause skin cancer; mutagenic**
Inhalation: May cause difficulty in breathing
Eye contact: Inflamed or burn eyes or can cause **cornea scarring**
Ingestion: *Salivation*, vomiting, *dizziness*, headache, **weak and irregular pulse, low blood pressure, difficulty in breathing**, *mild convulsions*, **stupor**, fatigue, unconsciousness, **kidney failure**
**Phenol**
*(Hydroxybenzene)*
74
Signs and symptoms of ______________
Skin: Rashes, *irritation*, redness, itchiness, dryness, **burning sensation**
Eyes: **Irritation**, teary eyes, *burning sensation*
Ingestion: Vomiting, **burning sensation and severe irritation** of the mouth, throat and stomach
**Borax**
*(Sodium Borate)*
75
Signs and symptoms of _____________
Skin contact: Rashes, **irritation**, redness, itchiness, dryness, **burning sensation**
Ingestion: **burning taste**
**Glycerin**
76
Signs and symptoms of _____________
Ingestion: acute mercury poisoning: **severe abdominal pain**, vomiting, *bloody diarrhea with watery stools*, **oliguria** (*less urine output*) or **anuria** (*no urine output at all*), **corrosion and ulceration of the digestive tract**
Prolonged exposure: *generalized inflammation* of the oral mucosa, **blue line along gum borders**, sore hypertrophied gums that bleed easily, *loosening of teeth*, salivation, **tremors and coordination**
**Mercury Compounds**
- *Thimersol* (Merthiolate)
- *Merbromine* (Mercurochrome)
77
Sign and symptoms of _______________
Skin: rashes, **irritation**, redness, itchiness, *dryness*, burning sensation
Inhalation: **Difficulty in breathing**; *coughing*
Eyes: **Irritation**, teary eyes, *burning sensation*
Ingestion: Vomiting, *burning sensation*
**Lime AKA Apog**
(*Powdered calcium carbonate*)
78
Signs and symptoms of ___________
Skin: Gas form **causes reddening, itchiness, burning sensation, blisters**
Liquid form **causes burns and possibly frost bite**
Inhalation: *Difficulty in breathing*, coughing, itchy nose, dry throat, *shortness of breath*, headache, **intense choking**, chest pain and vomiting *at different levels of exposure*: **severe exposure causes bronchitis, fluid in the lungs or maybe death**
Eyes: **Irritation**, teary eyes with *burning sensation*, stinging,: the **liquid can cause burns, permanent damage like blindness**
Ingestion: pain, *thirst*, nausea, **burning sensation**, abdominal cramps
**Chlorine bleach**
*(Sodium Hypochlorite)*
79
Chemical *derivatives* of **ammonium chloride**
**Quaternary ammonium compounds** *(Quats)*
80
The **first derivative** of **Quats**
**Benzalconium chloride**
81
Disinfecting chemical that can **lose effectivity** if too much **organic material is present**
**Quaternary ammonium compounds** *(Quats)*
82
What **should you do before** disinfecting an instrument in **quats**?
**Clean the instrument thoroughly** before putting it in the quats solution
83
This can be used to wash ____________ but it must be washed with soap and wam water prior to placing in Quats solution.
**make-up sponges and brushes**
84
How many minutes should you soak instruments in quats solution for disinfection?
**20 minutes**
85
Signs and symptoms of _________________
- Mild to severe **chemical burns** of the *skin and mucous membranes*, **depending on concentration**
- **Contact with strong solutions** may cause *nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, anxiety, restlessness and coma*
**Quaternary ammonium compounds** (Quats)
86
First aid treatment for **Quaternary ammonium compounds (Quats)**
1. **Rinse mouth with water**
2. If symptoms develop, *go to emergency room*
3. **Call poison center**
4. **Bring container** or **name** of the **chemical** written on a piece of paper
87
A **close chemical relative of phenol**
**Cresol**
*(O-Benzyl-P-Chlorophenol)*
88
Another term for **Cresol**
**O-Benzyl-P-Chlorophenol**
89
______________ is a better **germicide than phenol** and also a **deodorizer**
**Cresol**
*(O-Benzyl-P-Chlorophenol)*
90
Dilute solution of ___________was the **Initial ingredient of Lysol** but *now replaced with quats and/or modern disinfectants*
**Cresol**
(O-Benzyl-P-Chlorophenol)
91
Usage of **Cresol** (O-Benzyl- P-Chlorophenol)
**Germicidal & disinfectant**
92
**Where** do embalmers **primarily use Cresol?**
- **Clean reusable instruments**
- **Embalming table**
- **Other tops**
93
Signs and symptoms of _______________
Skin & eye contact: Irritation, itchiness, dryness, burning sensation
Ingestion: vomiting, burning sensation
**Cresol**
**(O-Benzyl-P-Chlorophenol)**
94
First-aid Treatment for **Cresol** *(O-Benzyl-P-Chlorophenol)*
1. **Wash** affected area **with free-flowing tap water**
2. **Drink large amount of WATER OR MILK, OR EGG WHITES or GELATIN solution**
3. Call poison center or go to hospital
95
**Chemical derivatives of natural insecticide pyrethrum** which is found in several kinds of **chrysanthemum flower**
**Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides**
96
Where can you find the natural insecticide called **pyrethrum**?
Several kinds of **Chrysanthemum flower**
97
What is pyrethrum?
**Natural insecticide** found in several Chrysanthemum flowers
98
Natural insecticide found in several kinds of Chrysanthemum flowers?
**Pyrethrum**
99
**Aerosol form contains** _____________ which is a **greater** health **hazard** than the insecticide
**Petroleum distillate**
100
Usage of **Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides**
**Anti-pest**
101
How do embalmers use synthetic pyrethroid insecticides?
- **Spray into nasal sinuses to kill fly larvae**
- **Spray inside the casket** before placing the cover on **to prevent any pest**
102
SIgns and symptoms of _______________
Skin and eye contact: rashes, irritation, redness, itchiness,teary eyes, dryness, burning sensation
Inhalation or ingestion:
Difficulty in breathing, coughing, dizziness
Vomiting, burning sensation and severe irritation of the mouth, throat and stomach
**Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides**
103
First-aid Treatment of **synthetic pyrethroid insecticide**
1. **Wash** affected area with **free-flowing tap water**
2. **Go in a well ventilated room**
3. **If ingested, DRINK LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER**
4. Call poison center or go to hospital
104
It's a **transparent, colorless, volatile liquid** used as solvent, **antiseptic**, disinfectant, sterlization, for hygienic purposes
**70% Alcohol**
105
Type of **alcohol** that needs to be **rubbed on the skin** to be effective
**Isopropyl alcohol**
106
Type of alcohol that's **already effective** once on contact
**Denatured Ethyl Alcohol**
107
Usage of **70% alcohol**
- **Solvent**
- **Antiseptic**
- **Disinfectant**
- **Sterilization**
108
Health effects of **70% alcohol**
**Skin and eye irritant**
109
First-aid Treatment for **70% alcohol**
1. **Wash** affected area with **free-flowing tap water**
2. **Go in a well ventilated area**
3 **If ingested, DRINK LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER**
4. Call poison center or go to hospital
110
**Petroleum-based products**, used for **killing lice** on dead bodies and helpful in **removing makeup and adhesive** from the skin
**Kerosene and Thinner**
111
**Kerosene and thinner** are ____________
**petroleum-based products**
112
Usage of **Kerosene and Thinner**
- **Kill head lice** found on dead bodies
- **Removing make-up and adhesive** from the skin
113
**Kerosene and thinner** are ___________
**flammable** (catch fire very easily; explosive)
114
Ingestion of **kerosene and thinner** can cause ________________
**serious internal burns and be fatal**
115
First-aid Treatment for **Kerosene and thinner**
1. **DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING**
2. Call poison center or go to hospital
116
________________ shall be in **accordance with hospital/health facility waste management** *manual of the* **Department of Health**
**Chemical wastes disposal**
117
Implementing Rules and Regulations of **Chapter XVIII-** ____________ of the **Code on Sanitation of the Philippines** (PD 856)
**Refuse Disposal**
