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Year 10 > Chemicals of Life > Flashcards

Chemicals of Life Flashcards

1
Q

The human body consists of which substances? Name 3.

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fibre
Water
Vitamins
Minerals

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2
Q

A _________ consists of daily-recommended intake of __________,__________,________,_________,_________,__________ and ________, together with an adequate amount of ____________.

A

balanced diet
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, mineral ions and dietary fibre. water

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3
Q

Nutrients are sorted into:

A

Organic nutrients
Inorganic Nutrients

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4
Q

Food energy values are measured in:

A

Calories or joules

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5
Q

1 kilocalorie =

A

4.2 kJ

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6
Q

A carbohydrate is an organic substance containing what and in which ratio?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1

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7
Q

What types of carbohydrates are there?

A

Monosaccharide with one ring
Disaccharide which has 2 monosaccharide rings
Polysaccharides made of many monosaccharides joined together

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8
Q

Monosaccharides and disaccharides are all _______ sugars.

A

Soluble

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9
Q

All monosaccharides, most disaccharides and some polysaccharides are also ________sugars.

A

reducing

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10
Q

Name 3 sources of Carbohydrates

A

Pasta
Rice
Bread
Potatoes
Cereal
Milk/ dairy products
Fruits
Breakfast

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11
Q

Name the 3 functions of carbohydrates

A

as an energy supply
to build cell and body structures
to build other organic substance

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12
Q

How much kJ/g of energy do carbohydrates produce?

A

17

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13
Q

Can humans digest cellulose?

A

No, it ends up as fibre.

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14
Q

Why is dietary fibre important?

A

To produce bulk needed to eliminate feaces and helps food move easily in the intestines.

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15
Q

Lipids are an organic substance containing?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

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16
Q

What is a lipid molecule made up of?

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules

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17
Q

Lipids are divided into 2 types, which are?

A

Saturated and unsaturated fats

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18
Q

Fats can be obtained mostly from what?

A

Butter
Fish
Nuts and seeds

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19
Q

Name the functions of lipids

A

As an energy supply
to store vitamins
to build cell structures
for protection
to provide heat insulation
for waterproofing

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20
Q

A protein contains what (elements)?

A

carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen, sometimes even phosphorus and sulphur

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21
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20, 8 of which are essential

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22
Q

Amino acids can be joined together using what? And what is the long chain form called?

A

peptide bonds
polypeptide bonds

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23
Q

How do these chains join together?

A

using cross linkages

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24
Q

Name 5 foods proteins are abundant in.

A

Egg white
Meat
Poultry
Beans
Nuts
Dairy

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25
Q

Name the main functions of proteins

A

To supply energy
to build up structures
as enzymes
for growth and repairing
to work as hormones

26
Q

How much kJ/g of energy is produced during respiration?

A

18

27
Q

Proteins also allow?

A

Movement

28
Q

Enzymes. What do these act as?

A

catalysts

29
Q

Name a hormone in the human body.

A

adrenaline
testosterone, insulin and more

30
Q

Are vitamins a source of energy?

A

No

31
Q

Vitamins are needed only in ____ _____ __________.

A

very small quantities

32
Q

Vitamins can be divided into:

A

Water-soluble vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins

33
Q

Which type of vitamin is able to be stored in the body? Where do we get such vitamins?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins which can be obtained mainly from animal fats and vegetable oil.

34
Q

What happens when too much protein is consumed?

A

Excess protein is de-aminated (broken down) in the liver and excreted with urine.

35
Q

Can plants make their own vitamins?

A

Yes

36
Q

Mention 2 types of vitamin A and state whether they’re water-soluble or fat-soluble

A

Retinol (fat-soluble)
Carotene (water-soluble)

37
Q

Mention a type of vitamin C and state whether it’s water-soluble or fat-soluble.

A

Ascorbic acid (water-soluble)

38
Q

Mention a type of vitamin D and state whether it’s water-soluble or fat-soluble.

A

Calciferol (fat-soluble)

39
Q

From which sources can we get vitamin A?

A

Retinol - Fish liver oil
Dairy products
Eggs
Chicken
Liver
Carotene - Orange, yellow and green vegetables and fruits
Carrots, spinach, apricots, oranges etc…

40
Q

From which sources can we get vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic acid - All citrus fruits
Kiwi
Strawberries
Broccoli
Red peppers
Tomatoes
Cauliflower
Parsley

41
Q

From which sources can we get vitamin D?

A

Calciferol - Fish liver oil
Dairy products
Eggs
Oily fish
Liver

42
Q

What happens to vitamin C when heated?

A

It’s destroyed

43
Q

Why is Retinol important?

A

It’s important for the retina to function properly.

44
Q

Carotine is turned into ____ by the body.

A

Carotine is turned into Retinol by the body.

45
Q

Some associated deficiencies symtoms to lack of vitamin A.

A
  • Reduced resistance to desease.
  • Retarded growth
  • Unhealthy hair and skin
  • Poor night vision
  • Cornea of eyes becomes dry and opaque, leading to xerophtalmia or blindness

xerophtalmia isn’t mportant for the exam

46
Q

Some associated deficiencies symtoms to lack of vitamin C.

A
  • Reduced resistance to diseases
  • Scurvy
  • Poor healing of wounds
47
Q

What is Scurvy?

A

A disease causing bleeding in various body parts, particularly gums and around bones. Scury is only likely to occur when fresh food isn’t available.

48
Q

Some associated deficiencies symtoms to lack of vitamin D.

A
  • Retarded growth
  • Calcium isn’t deposited properly in the bones, causing
    1. Rickets in children
    2. Osteomalacia in adults
49
Q

What happens if you consume too much vitamin D?

A

Can cause tissues like the lungs and kidney to become calcified.

50
Q

What is Rickets?

A

Bones remain soft so they end up deformed by child’s weight.

51
Q

Where is most of the water in our body?

A

In the cytoplasm of the cells or in the tissue fluid between the cells.

52
Q

What is the importance of water in organisms?

A
  • As a reactant (in digestion, water is involved in a process called hydolysis to convert insoluble substances into soluble ones)
  • As a medium for chemical reactions in solution
  • Transport of substances in solution
53
Q

Where are minerals obtained from?

A

The environment

54
Q

2 important minerals in plants and their functions in plants

A
  • Nitrogen: Synthesis of proteins and other complex substances
  • Magnesium: To make uo chlorophyll, needed to trap light for photosynthesis.
55
Q

Important minerals in humans

A
  • Calcium
  • Iron
  • Phosphorous
56
Q

What is Anemia?

A

Lack of iron in the body

57
Q

What happens if not enough calcium is eaten?

A

The body takes calcium needed from the bones.

58
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Is the term referring to all the chemical reactions taking place in a living thing.

59
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

They’re protein that act as biological catalysts because they speed up chemical reactions taking place inside cells.

60
Q

Charateristics of enzymes

A
  • Always proteins
  • Specific in their action
  • Can be used over and over again
  • Sensitive to pH
  • Sensitive to heat
61
Q

Enzymes are involved into 2 types of metabolic reactions:

A
  • Build-up (anabolic) reactions
  • Break-down (catabolic) reactions

Year 10 (9 decks)

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