Chemicals of Life Flashcards by Julia Farrugia

The human body consists of which substances? Name 3.

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fibre
Water
Vitamins
Minerals

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A _________ consists of daily-recommended intake of __________,__________,________,_________,_________,__________ and ________, together with an adequate amount of ____________.

balanced diet
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, mineral ions and dietary fibre. water

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Nutrients are sorted into:

Organic nutrients
Inorganic Nutrients

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Food energy values are measured in:

Calories or joules

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1 kilocalorie =

4.2 kJ

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A carbohydrate is an organic substance containing what and in which ratio?

Carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1

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What types of carbohydrates are there?

Monosaccharide with one ring
Disaccharide which has 2 monosaccharide rings
Polysaccharides made of many monosaccharides joined together

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Monosaccharides and disaccharides are all _______ sugars.

Soluble

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All monosaccharides, most disaccharides and some polysaccharides are also ________sugars.

reducing

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Name 3 sources of Carbohydrates

Pasta
Rice
Bread
Potatoes
Cereal
Milk/ dairy products
Fruits
Breakfast

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Name the 3 functions of carbohydrates

as an energy supply
to build cell and body structures
to build other organic substance

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How much kJ/g of energy do carbohydrates produce?

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Can humans digest cellulose?

No, it ends up as fibre.

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Why is dietary fibre important?

To produce bulk needed to eliminate feaces and helps food move easily in the intestines.

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Lipids are an organic substance containing?

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

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What is a lipid molecule made up of?

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules

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Lipids are divided into 2 types, which are?

Saturated and unsaturated fats

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Fats can be obtained mostly from what?

Butter
Fish
Nuts and seeds

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Name the functions of lipids

As an energy supply
to store vitamins
to build cell structures
for protection
to provide heat insulation
for waterproofing

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A protein contains what (elements)?

carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen, sometimes even phosphorus and sulphur

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How many amino acids are there?

20, 8 of which are essential

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Amino acids can be joined together using what? And what is the long chain form called?

peptide bonds
polypeptide bonds

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How do these chains join together?

using cross linkages

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Name 5 foods proteins are abundant in.

Egg white
Meat
Poultry
Beans
Nuts
Dairy

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Name the main functions of proteins

To supply energy to build up structures as enzymes for growth and repairing to work as hormones

How much kJ/g of energy is produced during respiration?

Proteins also allow?

Movement

Enzymes. What do these act as?

catalysts

Name a hormone in the human body.

adrenaline testosterone, insulin and more

Are vitamins a source of energy?

Vitamins are needed only in ____ _____ __________.

very small quantities

Vitamins can be divided into:

Water-soluble vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins

Which type of vitamin is able to be stored in the body? Where do we get such vitamins?

Fat-soluble vitamins which can be obtained mainly from animal fats and vegetable oil.

What happens when too much protein is consumed?

Excess protein is de-aminated (broken down) in the liver and excreted with urine.

Can plants make their own vitamins?

Yes

Mention 2 types of vitamin A and state whether they're water-soluble or fat-soluble

Retinol (fat-soluble) Carotene (water-soluble)

Mention a type of vitamin C and state whether it's water-soluble or fat-soluble.

Ascorbic acid (water-soluble)

Mention a type of vitamin D and state whether it's water-soluble or fat-soluble.

Calciferol (fat-soluble)

From which sources can we get vitamin A?

Retinol - Fish liver oil Dairy products Eggs Chicken Liver Carotene - Orange, yellow and green vegetables and fruits Carrots, spinach, apricots, oranges etc...

From which sources can we get vitamin C?

Ascorbic acid - All citrus fruits Kiwi Strawberries Broccoli Red peppers Tomatoes Cauliflower Parsley

From which sources can we get vitamin D?

Calciferol - Fish liver oil Dairy products Eggs Oily fish Liver

What happens to vitamin C when heated?

It's destroyed

Why is Retinol important?

It's important for the retina to function properly.

Carotine is turned into ____ by the body.

Carotine is turned into **Retinol** by the body.

Some associated deficiencies symtoms to lack of vitamin A.

* Reduced resistance to desease. * Retarded growth * Unhealthy hair and skin * Poor night vision * Cornea of eyes becomes dry and opaque, leading to xerophtalmia or blindness | xerophtalmia isn't mportant for the exam

Some associated deficiencies symtoms to lack of vitamin C.

* Reduced resistance to diseases * Scurvy * Poor healing of wounds

What is Scurvy?

A disease causing bleeding in various body parts, particularly gums and around bones. Scury is only likely to occur when fresh food isn't available.

Some associated deficiencies symtoms to lack of vitamin D.

* Retarded growth * Calcium isn't deposited properly in the bones, causing 1. Rickets in children 2. Osteomalacia in adults

What happens if you consume too much vitamin D?

Can cause tissues like the lungs and kidney to become calcified.

What is Rickets?

Bones remain soft so they end up deformed by child's weight.

Where is most of the water in our body?

In the cytoplasm of the cells or in the tissue fluid between the cells.

What is the importance of water in organisms?

* As a reactant (in digestion, water is involved in a process called hydolysis to convert insoluble substances into soluble ones) * As a medium for chemical reactions in solution * Transport of substances in solution

Where are minerals obtained from?

The environment

2 important minerals in plants and their functions in plants

* Nitrogen: Synthesis of proteins and other complex substances * Magnesium: To make uo chlorophyll, needed to trap light for photosynthesis.

Important minerals in humans

* Calcium * Iron * Phosphorous

What is Anemia?

Lack of iron in the body

What happens if not enough calcium is eaten?

The body takes calcium needed from the bones.

What is metabolism?

Is the term referring to all the chemical reactions taking place in a living thing.

What is an enzyme?

They're protein that act as biological catalysts because they speed up chemical reactions taking place inside cells.

Charateristics of enzymes

* Always proteins * Specific in their action * Can be used over and over again * Sensitive to pH * Sensitive to heat

Enzymes are involved into 2 types of metabolic reactions:

* Build-up (anabolic) reactions * Break-down (catabolic) reactions