Chemical Synthesis Flashcards
transesterification
triglyceride + methanol —base/enzyme catalyst—> biodiesel + glycerol
pros of using lipase (3)
- reusable
- higher thermostability
- fewer by-products
cons of using lipase (5)
- slow
- need higher concs
- expensive
- lower yield
- requires optimal pH and temp
pros of using base (4)
- 98% yield
- can operate at high temps
- quicker
- not pH or temp sensitive
saponification
base hydrolysis between triglyceride and NaOH
creates sodium salts of fatty acids
two ways to make ethanol
Addition ; ethene -> ethanol
Substitution ; ethene -> chloroethene -> ethanol
Fermentation process
Break complex carbohydrates into simpler ones -> glucose produced -> fermented with yeast -> ethanol produced (anaerobic respiration) -> ethanol removed by distillation
how does soap work
the polar head will stick to water outside and non-polar tail will be stuck on the grease.
creates micelle
the head surrounds the grease, allowing it to be soluble in water so it becomes easily washed away
what is an enzyme
proteins that catalyse biochemical reactions
hydrogen fuel cell (alkaline)
ANODE: H2 gas is oxidized by reacting with the OH- ions. this creates H2O
CATHODE: O2 gas is reduced reacting with H2O. this creates OH-
hydrogen fuel cell (acidic)
ANODE: H2 gas is oxidized to H+ ions.
CATHODE: O2 gas is reduced reacting with H+. this creates H2O
soap in hard water
Ca2+ and Mg2+
combine with fatty acid forming scum
haber process
production of ammonia
increase pressure, increase forward reaction
contact process
production of sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
catalyst V2O5 increase rate of reaction
cons of using base (2)
- risk of saponification
- need high temperatures
fermentation formula
C6H12O6(aq) ——> yeast + 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)
how to make triglyceride
condensation reaction
need glycerol + 3 fatty acids and product is water
