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Pathology > Chemical Pathology - Nutrition > Flashcards

Chemical Pathology - Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

deficiency and excess of Vit A (retinol)

A

Def: colour blindess
Excess: exfoliation, hepatitis
test for it in the serum

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2
Q

deficiency and excess of Vit D (cholecalciferol)

A

Def: osteomalacia, rickets
Excess: hypercalcaemia
test for it in the serum

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3
Q

deficiency of Vit E (tocopherol)

A

anaemia, neuropathy, IHD

test for it in the serum

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4
Q

deficiency of Vit K (phyto-menadione)

A

defective clotting

test the PTT

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5
Q

deficiency of B1 (thiamin) and how to test for it

A

Def: Beri-Beri, Neuropathy, Wernicke syndrome
Test: RBC transketolase

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6
Q

deficiency of B2 (riboflavin) and how to test for it

A

Def: glossitis
Test: RBC glutathione reductase

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7
Q

deficiency and excessof B6 (rpyridoxine) and how to test for it

A

Def: dermatitis, anaemia
Excess: neuropathy
Test: RBC AST activation

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8
Q

deficiency of B12 (cobalamin) and how to test for it

A

Def: pernicious anaemia
Test: serum B12

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9
Q

deficiency and excess of Vit C and how to test for it

A

Def: scurvy
Excess: renal stones
Test: plasma

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10
Q

deficiency of Folate and how to test for it

A

Def: megaloblastic anaemia, neural tube defect
Test: RBC folate

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11
Q

deficiency of Niacin (B3)

A

pellagra

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12
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins? where are they stored?

A

A,D,E,K

stored in adipose tissue

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13
Q

what are the types of Beri Beri?

A

B1/thiamine def

  1. Wet: characterised by CVD (oedema, HF)
  2. Dry: characterised by neurological disease
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14
Q

what is pellagra (niacin/B3 def) characterised by?

A

diarrhoea
dermatitis
dementia
death (if untreated)

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15
Q

deficiency and excess of iron? how to test?

A

Def: hypochromic anaemia
Excess: haemochromatosis
Test: FBC, Fe, Ferritin

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16
Q

deficiency of iodine? test?

A

Def: goitre, hypothyroid
Test: TFT

17
Q

deficiency of zinc?

A

Def: dermatitis

18
Q

deficiency and excess of iron? how to test?

A

Def: anaemia
Excess: Wilson’s
Test: Cu, caeroplasmin (copper-binding protein, is low in Wilson’s)

19
Q

what does an ideal diet consist of?

A

50% carbs
33% fats
17% proteins

20
Q

what hormones does white adipose tissue produce?

A
  • adiponectin (dec in obese people = leads to insulin resistance)
  • leptin (anti-hunger hormone)
21
Q

what does insulin release after a meal result in?

A
  • feeling of satiety

- increase in energy expenditure (thermogenesis)

22
Q

what does ghrelin do?

A

hunger hormone

high before eating

23
Q

what does PYY do?

A

satiety hormone
produced in intestines
PYY increase after eating a meal

24
Q

what values of BMI represent obesity/ overweight?

A

25-30: overweight
>30: obese
>40: morbid obese

25
Q

what definition of obesity is linked to CHD risk?

A

waist circumference

26
Q

what are the different categories of amino acids?

A
  • indispensable (cannot be made, needed from diet) e.g. leucine
  • conditionally indispensable (needed at certain parts of life e.g. cysteine in pregnancy)
  • dispensable (body can produce e.g. alanine)
27
Q

how do you assess protein intake?

A

nitrogen excretion and balance

tracer techniques

28
Q

what does pancreatic lipase do?

A

breaks down fatty acids by hydroxylation

29
Q

what 5 features does the metabolic syndrome consist of?

A
  1. fasting glucose (>6.0mmol/l)
  2. HDL
  3. waist circumference
  4. HTN
  5. microalbumin, insulin resistance
30
Q

obesity treatment

A
  • exclude endocrine cauaes
  • educate
  • diet and exercise
  • medical therapy (orlistat and GLP-1)
  • surgical therapy
31
Q

MOA of orlistat and GLP-1

A 
orlistat = pancreatic lipase inhibitor
GLP-1 = causes a feeling of satiety
32
Q

3 forms of bariatric surgery

A
  • adjustable band: silicone ring around top of stomach
  • Roux-en-Y Gatric bypass: stomach made smaller, first part of duodenum and most of stomach is bypassed
  • duodenal-jejunal sleeve: sleeve from pyloric sphincter to jejunum
33
Q

what is marasmus and how does it present?

A

lack of intake of CHO, lipids and protein

Px: shrivelled, severe muscle wasting, growth retarded, no SC fat

34
Q

what is kwashiorkor and how does it present?

A

protein def

Px: oedematous, lethargic, protein def, scaling/ulcerated, large liver, SC fat

Pathology (21 decks)

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