Chemical mediators

Question 1

Where does chemical mediators originate?

Answer 1

plasma or

cells

Question 2

What does chemical mediators have?

Answer 2

triggering stimuli that target specific targets

Question 3

What can chemical mediators cause?

Answer 3

cascade

mediators are short lived

Question 4

What are the chemical mediators?

Answer 4

Histamine
Serotonin
Complement
Kinins
Clotting Factors
Eicosanoids
Nitric OxidePlatelet Activating Factor (PAF)
Cytokines
Chemokines
Lysosome Constituents
Free Radicals

Question 5

Where does clotting factors originate?

Answer 5

circulating plasma

Question 6

What are the function of clotting factors?

Answer 6

Coagulation, i.e., production
of fibrin- the purpose (Scab)

fibrinolysis- getting rid of the scab

Question 7

Which cells does histamine mediate?

Answer 7

mast cells (inside blood vessel) 
basophils (outside blood vessel)

Question 8

What is the function of mast/basopils/histamine?

Answer 8

powerful vasodilator

IgE on mast cell

Question 9

Which cells produce Serotonin?

Answer 9

platlets
enterochromaffin cells

ser

Question 10

What is the function of serotonin?

Answer 10

indirect vasodilation by evoking nitric oxide synthase

Question 11

What is the action of the kinin system?

Answer 11

Increase permeability
Smooth muscle contraction, NON vascular (increases permeability)
PAIN (bradykinnin)- remember

Question 12

What is a key component of the kinin system?

Answer 12

bradykinin for pain

Question 13

What are the eicosanoids a part of?

Answer 13

plasma membrane

Question 14

What are the function of protagladins (including thromboxane)?

Answer 14

Pain
Fever
Clotting

Question 15

What is the function of leukotrienes?

Answer 15

Chemotaxis
Vasoconstriction
Increased permeability

Question 16

What is the function of lipoxins?

Answer 16

INHIBIT chemotaxis
Vasodilatation
Counteract actions of leukotrienes

Question 17

What is the function of PAF?

Answer 17

activate platelets

Vasoconstrict/brococonstrict [concentration dependent] cause smooth muscle contraction- At low levels of PAF they vasodialate and broncho dilate at high levels

Question 18

What are PAF derived from?

Answer 18

Phospholipid-derived

Question 19

What are cytokines?

Answer 19

PROTEINS produced by MANY cells, but usually LYMPHOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES,

Question 20

What is the function of cytokines?

Answer 20

mediate and regulate inflammatory and immune reactions

Question 21

What are cytokines that macrophages produce?

Answer 21

TNFα, IL-1

Question 22

What are chemokines?

Answer 22

small proteins which are attractants for PMNs

Question 23

What is the function of Nitric Oxide?

Answer 23

Potent Vasodilator
Involved in microbial killing (ONOO-)
Produced from the action of nitric oxide synthase from arginine

Question 24

What are the lysosomal constituents?

Answer 24

primary immature neutrophils

secondary mature neutrophils

Question 25

What are primary neutrophils also called?

Answer 25

AZUROPHILIC, or NON-SPECIFIC

Question 26

What are secondary neutrophils called?

Answer 26

SPECIFIC

Question 27

What does primary neutrophils produce?

Answer 27

Myeloperoxidase
Lysozyme (bact.)
Acid Hydrolases

Question 28

What does secondary neutrophils produce?

Answer 28

lactoferrin
lysozyme
alkaline phosphate
collagenase

Question 29

What free radicals that are produced?

Answer 29

O2− (SUPEROXIDE)
H2O2 (PEROXIDE)
•HO (HYDROXYL RADICAL)

VERY VERY DESTRUCTIVE