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KIN 267 - HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY > Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What is chemistry in regards to human physiology?

A
  • the science of structure and interactions of matter
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2
Q

What is matter?

A
  • anything that has mass and takes up space

- makes up all living things

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3
Q

What is mass?

A
  • is the amount of matter that makes up an object (does not change)
  • not weight
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4
Q

What are the four elements that make up 96% of the human body?

A
  • oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen
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5
Q

The human body is composed of how many elements?

A
  • 26 different elements
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6
Q

How many and which elements make up 3.6% of our body’s composition?

A
  • 8

- Calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and iron

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7
Q

How many other elements make up the remaining 0.4% of the body?

A
  • 14 (trace elements)

- ex.) zinc, iodine

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8
Q

What is an atom?

A
  • the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of an element
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9
Q

What are the contents of an atom?

A
  • protons, neutrons, and electrons
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10
Q

What is found in the nucleus of an atom?

A
  • protons and neutrons
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11
Q

Where are electrons found within an atom?

A
  • surround the nucleus as a cloud

- very small and light

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12
Q

Do neutrons have a charge?

A
  • noppppeee.
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13
Q

Do neutrons add mass?

A
  • Yes
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14
Q

Which part of an atom determines the isotope of a certain element?

A
  • neutrons
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15
Q

Which unit is used to measure atomic mass?

A
  • dalton
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16
Q

What is the mass of a neutron?

A
  • 1.008 daltons
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17
Q

What is the mass of a proton?

A
  • 1.007 daltons
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18
Q

What is the mass of an electron?

A
  • 0.0005 dalton
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19
Q

What is the atomic number?

A
  • number of protons in nucleus
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20
Q

What is the mass number?

A
  • is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom and indicates how much the atoms “weighs”
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21
Q

What is atomic mass?

A
  • atomic weight

- average

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22
Q

How are molecules formed?

A
  • when atoms share electrons
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23
Q

How are molecules represented in writing?

A
  • written as a molecular formula showing the number of atoms of each element
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24
Q

What is a compound?

A
  • a substance that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements
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25
Q

What are ions?

A
  • atoms that have given up or gained an electron in their outer electron shell (also called the valence shell)
  • uneven number of protons and electrons.
  • written with chemical symbol (+) (-)
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26
Q

What is a free radical?

A
  • an electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell
  • unstable and highly reactive
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27
Q

What are antioxidants?

A
  • substances that inactivate oxygen derived free radicals.
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28
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A
  • occur when atoms of a molecule or compound are held together by forces of attraction
  • dependent on the number of electrons in outermost shell
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29
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A
  • form when an atom loses or gains a valence electron and ions are formed
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30
Q

What are cations?

A
  • positively charged ions that have given up one or more electrons (they are electron donors)
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31
Q

What are anions?

A
  • negatively charged ions that have picked up one or more electrons that another atom has lost (they are electron acceptors )
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32
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A
  • a compound which produces ions when dissolved in a solution such as water
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33
Q

What is a covalent bonds?

A
  • formed by the atoms of molecules sharing one, two, or three pairs of their valence electrons.
  • can be polar, or non-polar
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34
Q

What is the most common type of chemical bond in the body?

A
  • covalent bond
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35
Q

Atoms share the electrons equally in which type of covalent bond?

A
  • nonpolar covalent bonds
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36
Q

What is the most common type of covalent bond?

A
  • nonpolar covalent bonds
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37
Q

What are polar covalent bonds?

A
  • formed by the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms
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38
Q

Why are polar covalent bonds extremely important?

A
  • all-important water molecule makes use of this bond
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39
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A
  • are weak interactions (approximately 5% as strong as covalent bonds) between hydrogen and adjacent electronegative atoms like oxygen or sulfur.
  • CANNOT bind atoms into molecules.
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40
Q

When do chemical reactions occur?

A
  • when new bonds form and/or old bonds are broken
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41
Q

What is Metabolism?

A
  • the sum of all the chemicals reactions in the body
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42
Q

What are reactants?

A
  • the materials that are present at the start of the chemical reaction
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43
Q

What are products?

A
  • the substances are the end of the chemical reaction
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44
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy?

A
  • the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of the product.
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45
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A
  • the energy of matter in motion
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46
Q

What is chemical energy?

A
  • energy is stored in chemical bonds
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47
Q

What is potential energy?

A
  • energy stored by matter due to an objects position
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48
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A
  • releases more energy than they absorb (heat during catabolism of food) by breaking a bond with Moe energy than the one being formed
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49
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A
  • require that energy be added, usually from a molecule called, to form a bond.
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50
Q

What is activation energy?

A
  • the energy required to break chemical bonds in the reactant molecules so a reaction can start
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51
Q

What are some factors that cause a collision (and chemical reaction to take place) ?

A
  • temperature, concentration of reactants, the presence or absence of a catalyst
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52
Q

What are catalysts?

A
  • chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur
  • not consumed or produced
  • used over and over again
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53
Q

What does a catalyst do in a chemical reaction?

A
  • helps properly orient the colliding particles of matter so that a reaction can occur at a lower collision speed
  • does not alter the difference in potential energy between reactants and products
  • only lowers amount of energy needed to start reaction
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54
Q

What increases the chance of a collision occurring?

A
  • an increase in temperature and concentration
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55
Q

How is concentration increased?

A
  • by adding more particles present or increasing pressure
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56
Q

What happens when temperature is increased in a reaction?

A
  • the speed of moving particles increases, thus increasing collision likelihood and time
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57
Q

What is a synthesis reaction? (anabolic)

A

A + B => AB

- occurs when two different atoms or molecules interact to form a different molecule or compound.

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58
Q

What is a decomposition (degradation) reaction? (catabolism)

A

AB => A + B

- processes in which chemical species break up into simpler parts

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59
Q

What is an exchange reaction?

A

AB + CD => AD + CB

- only difference between the reactants and the products is in the iso topically substituted species

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60
Q

What are reversible reactions?

A

AC <=> A + C

- products can be changed back into the original reactants

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61
Q

What are oxidation-reduction reactions?

A
  • essential to life
  • breaks down food molecules to produce energy
  • reactions are concerned with the transfer of electrons
  • always parallel - when one substance is oxidized, another is reduced at the same time
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62
Q

What is oxidation?

A
  • loss of electrons and in the process, the oxidized substance releases energy
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63
Q

What is reduction?

A
  • gain of electrons and in the process, the reduced substance gains energy
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64
Q

What is an inorganic compound?

A
  • any substance in which two or more chemical elements (usually lack carbon) are combined
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65
Q

What is an organic compound?

A
  • always contains carbon
  • large, complex molecules
  • usually contain hydrogen
  • always have covalent bonds
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66
Q

What is the most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living systems?

A
  • Water
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67
Q

Do the bodies chemical reactions occur in a watery medium?

A
  • yes, majority
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68
Q

What is waters most important property?

A
  • polarity

- uneven sharing of valence electrons that enables reactants to collide to form products.

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69
Q

Is water usually a solvent or a solute?

A
  • solvent

- essential for health and survival

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70
Q

In a solution the … dissolves the …

A
  • the solvent dissolves the solute
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71
Q

Is there usually more solvent or solute present?

A
  • more solvent than solute
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72
Q

Substances which contain polar covalent bonds and dissolve in water are…?

A
  • hydrophilic
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73
Q

Substances which contain non-polar covalent bonds are…?

A
  • hydrophobic
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74
Q

What are the properties of water that allow it to interact with several neighbouring ions or molecules?

A
  • polarity

- bent shape

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75
Q

What are the properties of a solute that is hydrophilic?

A
  • charged or contain polar covalent bonds
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76
Q

What are the properties of a solute that is hydrophobic?

A
  • molecules that contain mostly nonpolar bonds
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77
Q

When does a dehydration synthesis reaction occur?

A
  • when two small molecules combine to form 1 large molecule and a water molecule
78
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A
  • to loosen or break apart molecules with the addition of water
79
Q

What substance in the human body often acts as a lubricant?

A
  • water
80
Q

Why is waters high heat capacity important?

A
  • it can absorb or release a relatively large amount of heat with only a modest change in its own temperature
  • caused by large number of hydrogen ions
81
Q

What is the absorbed heat energy in water used for in chemical reactions?

A
  • Break the hydrogen bonds resulting in less energy used to speed up water molecules
82
Q

What is the heat of vaporization?

A
  • amount of heat needed to change from liquid to a gas
83
Q

What is a mixture?

A
  • A combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but are not bound by chemical bonds
84
Q

Does water in the body increase or decrease with age?

A
  • decreases
85
Q

What is a colloid mixture?

A
  • large particles than a solution.
  • particles are large enough to scatter light
  • ex.) milk
86
Q

What is a suspension mixture?

A
  • suspended material may mix with the liquid or suspending medium for sometime, but it will eventually settle out
  • ex.) blood
87
Q

How can you explain the amount of a molecule in a solution?

A
  • concentration
88
Q

How is relative mass presented in a solution?

A
  • percentage

- usually in grams

89
Q

What is a mole?

A
  • a convenient way of counting large numbers of atoms or molecules
90
Q

What is 1 mole? (numerical representation)

A

6.02 x 10^23

91
Q

How much does one mole of hydrogen atoms weigh?

A

1.01 grams

92
Q

How much does one mole of oxygen atoms weigh?

A
  • 15.999 grams
93
Q

How much does one mole of sodium atoms weigh?

A
  • 22.989 grams
94
Q

How can one determine the weight of 1 mole of any atom or molecule?

A
  • atomic mass of an element

- molecular mass of the compound

95
Q

Explain the acids and bases scale.

A
  • runs from 0-14
  • pH = -log[H+]
  • logarithmic, not linear
96
Q

The lower the number of pH, the ……. the H+ concentration.

A
  • higher
97
Q

A change of two pH units represents how much of a change in hydrogen concentration?

A
  • hundred times concentration
98
Q

A change of three pH units represents how much of a change in hydrogen concentration?

A
  • 1000 times concentration
99
Q

What is the pH of an acid?

A
  • pH < 7
  • ([H+] > [OH-])
  • proton donor
100
Q

What is the pH of a base?

A
  • pH > 7
  • ([H+] < [OH-])
  • proton acceptor
101
Q

What is a buffer system in the body?

A
  • A chemical system that prevents a radical change in fluid pH by dampening the change in hydrogen ion concentrations
  • usually a weak acid or a weak base
102
Q

What is the major buffer system in the body called?

A
  • Carbonic acid bicarbonate
103
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A
  • 7.35-7.45
104
Q

What are functional groups?

A
  • certain molecular configurations which are easy to recognize
  • a characteristic reactive unit of a chemical compound especially in organic chemistry
105
Q

What are some common functional groups?

A
  • Ester, amino groups, carboxyl (acid) groups and phosphate groups
106
Q

What are polymers/ macromolecules?

A
  • molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together
107
Q

What is an isomer?

A
  • two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties
108
Q

What provides most of the chemical energy needed for life?

A
  • carbohydrates

- sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose

109
Q

What are carbohydrates made of?

A
  • carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

- 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

110
Q

What are the three major groups of carbohydrates?

A
  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • polysaccharides
111
Q

What are the simplest forms of sugar called?

A
  • monosaccharides

- glucose, fructose, galactose

112
Q

Where are 5-carbon sugars used?

A
  • nucleic acids
113
Q

How are disaccharides made?

A
  • combining 2 monosaccharides by removing a water molecule

- dehydration synthesis

114
Q

What are some examples of a disaccharide?

A
  • sucrose

- lactose

115
Q

What is sucrose made of?

A
  • glucose and fructose
116
Q

What is lactose made of?

A
  • glucose and galactose
117
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A
  • contain hundreds of monosaccharides
118
Q

What is the most common polysaccharide found in the human body?

A
  • glycogen
119
Q

Why are lipids hydrophobic and mostly insoluble in water?

A
  • they lack polar covalent bonds

- have nonpolar covalent bonds.

120
Q

How do lipids become water soluble?

A
  • combine with proteins for transport in blood
121
Q

What are some types of lipids in the body?

A
  • fatty acids
  • triglycerides
  • phospholipids
  • steroids
  • eicosanoids
122
Q

What are lipids made of?

A
  • contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
123
Q

What is the simplest form of lipids?

A
  • fatty acids
124
Q

What is the building blocks for triglycerides and phospholipids?

A
  • fatty acids
125
Q

What are fatty acids made of?

A
  • a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain
126
Q

What type of bonds are found in saturated fatty acids?

A
  • single covalent bonds between carbon atoms and as a result each C is saturated with H atoms.
127
Q

What type of bonds are found in unsaturated fatty acids?

A
  • contain 1 (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) double covalent bonds between C atoms.
  • Thus the C are not completely saturated with H atoms.
128
Q

What are the most plentiful lipids in the body?

A
  • triglycerides
129
Q

What is the job of triglycerides in the body?

A
  • protection, insulation, and energy
130
Q

What are triglycerides made of?

A
  • 1 glycerol attached to three fatty acids chains
131
Q

How are triglycerides produced?

A
  • through dehydration synthesis

- can be reduced through hydrolysis

132
Q

What form of matter are triglycerides at room temperature (saturated)?

A
  • solid
133
Q

What form of matter are triglycerides at room temperature (unsaturated)?

A
  • liquid (oils)
134
Q

Are oils monounsaturated or polyunsaturated?

A
  • oils contain fatty acids that can be both
135
Q

Is triglyceride storage limited or unlimited?

A
  • unlimited
136
Q

What is the most concentrated form of chemical energy?

A
  • fats (triglycerides)
137
Q

How many calories are in a gram of fat?

A
  • 9 g
138
Q

What happens to excess dietary carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and oils?

A
  • deposited in adipose tissue as triglycerides
139
Q

Why are phospholipids important?

A
  • important membrane components for cells
140
Q

What makes phospholipids soluble in both water and fats?

A
  • Polar and nonpolar regions
  • amphipathic
  • both hydrophilic and lipophilic
141
Q

Is the head of a phospholipid polar or non-polar?

A
  • polar
142
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A
  • polar head from phosphate group
  • glycerol molecule (hydrogen bonds w water)
  • to non-polar fatty acid tails
143
Q

What do the two nonpolar fatty acid tails interact with?

A
  • only lipids
144
Q

How many rings of carbon atoms do steroids have?

A
  • 4 rings
145
Q

What are some types of steroids?

A
  • sex hormones, bile salts, some vitamins, cholesterol, cortisol
146
Q

Why is cholesterol and important component of cells?

A
  • component of the membrane

- starting material for synthesizing other steroids

147
Q

Which elements are found in proteins?

A
  • carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
148
Q

Which macromolecule is considered the most human of all organic compounds?

A
  • protein
149
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A
  • structural, regulatory, contractile, immunological, transport, catalyst
150
Q

How are proteins constructed?

A
  • different combinations of amino acids
151
Q

What are amino acids?

A
  • The monomers of proteins
152
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A
  • 500 in nature
153
Q

How many amino acids are found in the body?

A
  • 20
154
Q

Which structural area of amino acids varies?

A
  • the “R” group
155
Q

What are dipeptides?

A
  • formed from two amino acids joined by covalent bonds (peptide bonds)
156
Q

What are peptide bonds?

A
  • when the carboxyl group one molecule reacts with the amino group of another molecule, releasing a molecule of water
  • dehydration synthesis
157
Q

What are polypeptide chains?

A
  • chains that contain 10 to 2000 amino acids
158
Q

How many levels are there to which proteins are structurally organized?

A
  • 4
159
Q

What is a primary level proteins?

A
  • gives a unique sequence of amino acids and there’s genetically determined
160
Q

What is the secondary level of proteins?

A
  • The repeated twisting and holding of primary sequence
161
Q

What are tertiary proteins?

A
  • to three-dimensional shape, folding of secondary level proteins
162
Q

What is a quaternary protein?

A
  • arrangement of individual polypeptide chains and proteins containing more than one polypeptide
163
Q

Why is the shape of a protein important?

A
  • resulting shape of protein greatly influences its ability to recognize and bind to other molecules
164
Q

What is denaturation?

A
  • The loss of a protein structure caused by a hostile environment
  • causes loss of its characteristic shape and function
165
Q

What causes denaturation?

A
  • A change in pH or high temperatures
166
Q

What are enzymes?

A
  • special proteins at catalyze metabolic reactions in all living cells
  • speed up process
167
Q

What is the substance of an enzyme?

A
  • The substance upon which an enzyme has its affect
168
Q

How do enzyme speed up chemical reactions?

A
  • they increase the frequency of collisions, lowering activation energy, improperly orienting colliding molecules
169
Q

What are the two parts of enzymes?

A
  • apoenzyme (protein part)

- cofactor (non-protein)

170
Q

Are cofactor parts of enzymes inorganic or organic?

A
  • they can be both!
  • inorganic = metal ion
  • organic = usually derived from vitamins
171
Q

What are three important properties of enzymes?

A
  1. Enzymes are highly specific
  2. Enzymes are highly efficient
  3. Enzymes are subject to a variety of cellular controls
172
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A
  • huge organic molecules composed of monomeric nucleotides

- contain carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen DNA and RNA

173
Q

What type of information do nucleic acids carry?

A
  • deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid

- genetic information

174
Q

Where are DNA molecules found?

A
  • inside the nucleus of cells
175
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A
  • they are the master template of our genetic code
176
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A
  • relays instructions from the nucleus to guide assembly of amino acids into proteins in the cytoplasm
177
Q

What are nucleotides of DNA composed of?

A
  • A nitrogenous base
  • A pentose sugar
  • A phosphate group
178
Q

What is considered the backbone in the nucleotides of DNA and RNA?

A
  • sugar phosphate
179
Q

Explain the formation of DNA (double helix structure).

A
  • two sugar phosphate strands of DNA, joint in the middle by hydrogen bonds from one nucleotide to another
180
Q

Is RNA single-stranded or double-stranded?

A
  • single-stranded
181
Q

Explain the structure of RNA.

A
  • ribose replaces the sugar deoxyribose and uracil is the nitrogenous base that replaces thymine
182
Q

What are the three types of RNA within a cell?

A
  1. Messenger RNA
  2. Ribosomal RNA
  3. Transfer RNA
183
Q

What is ATP used for?

A
  • Temporary storage of energy that is being transferred from exergonic catabolic reactions to cellular activities
184
Q

What is a common nickname used for ATP?

A
  • molecular unit of currency
185
Q

Synthesis of ATP is catalyzed by what?

A
  • ATP synthase enzyme
186
Q

How is ATP broken down to be used for energy?

A
  • High energy phosphate is hydrolyzed by the enzyme ATPase to release the stored energy - leaving ADP
187
Q

How much ATP will human use in a day?

A
  • up to their own body weight
188
Q

How many time does each ATP molecule get recycled during a single day?

A
  • 1500 times
189
Q

What are the two phases of cellular respiration?

A
  • anaerobic phase

- aerobic phase

190
Q

Explain the anaerobic phase of cellular respiration.

A
  • reactions do not require oxygen where glucose is partially broken down into pyruvic acid
191
Q

What is the purpose of pyruvic acid in the anaerobic phase of cellular respiration?

A
  • Pyruvic acid yields two molecules of ATP
192
Q

Explain the aerobic phase of cellular respiration.

A
  • reactions in the presence of oxygen where glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water
  • generation of heat and 30 or 32 ATP molecules

KIN 267 - HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY (3 decks)

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