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KIN 267 - HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY > Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic unit of all living things?

A
  • cells
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2
Q

What are cells composed of?

A
  • atoms and molecules
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3
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A
  • simple cells that have no nucleus
  • most are unicellular bacteria
  • our bodies do contain many of these cells
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4
Q

What are eucaryotic cells?

A
  • cells that are complex with a nucleus and sub cellular structures (organelles)
  • fungi plants and animals are eukaryotes
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5
Q

What are the three components of eucaryotic cells?

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
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6
Q

What is the job of the plasma membrane in eucaryotic cells?

A
  • The membrane is a selectively permeable barrier separating the internal and external environment
  • regulation, selectivity, communication
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7
Q

What is the purpose of the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • The cytoplasm contains cellular contents between the plasma membrane and nucleus
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8
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • contains the genetic library of the cell (DNA)
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9
Q

What are the components of the cytoplasm?

A
  • cytosol - the fluid portion
  • intracellular fluid
  • water, dissolved, and suspended particles
  • organelles
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10
Q

What are the hereditary units called?

A
  • genes
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11
Q

What is the purpose of genes?

A
  • Control most aspects of cell structure and function
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12
Q

Explain the plasma membrane as a semi permeable regulator.

A
  • covers and protects the cell
  • Controls my cousin comes out
  • links to other cells
  • Fly certain flags to tell other cells who it is
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13
Q

What is a fluid mosaic model?

A
  • A representation for the arrangement of molecules within the membrane
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14
Q

Explain the properties of the fluid mosaic model.

A
  • likes a continuously moving sea of lipids containing a mosaic of proteins
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15
Q

What is the purpose of lipids in the fluid mosaic model?

A
  • The lipids act as a barrier to certain substances and passage of lipid soluble molecules
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16
Q

What is the purpose of proteins in the fluid mosaic model?

A
  • proteins act as a gatekeepers, allowing passage of specific molecules and ions
  • some flow freely, others are anchored
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17
Q

What are the four components in regards to the structure of the plasma membrane?

A
  • phospholipids, integral proteins, transmembrane proteins, peripheral proteins (4)
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18
Q

What is the purpose of phospholipids in regard to the structure of the membrane?

A
  • form of bilayer – cholesterol and glycolipids also contribute
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19
Q

What is the purpose of Integral proteins in the structure of the membrane?

A
  • they extend into or through the bilayer
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20
Q

What is the purpose of transmembrane proteins?

A
  • span the entire lipid bilayer

- are amphipathic just like the phospholipids

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21
Q

What do the peripheral proteins in the plasma membrane do?

A
  • attached to the inner outer surface but do not extend through the membrane
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22
Q

Explain the bilayer arrangement of the plasma membrane.

A
  • two back to back layers of phospholipids

- The head faces water on the inside and outside of the cell

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23
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A
  • membrane proteins with a carbohydrate group attached that protrude into the extracellular fluid
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24
Q

What is the Glycocalyx?

A
  • The entire sugary coating surrounding the membrane

- help cells recognize each other to prevent attack

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25
Q

What is another function of the glycocalyx?

A
  • enables white blood cells to detect for an organism,
  • allows cells to adhere to one another
  • protects cells from enzymes in the extra cellular fluid
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26
Q

Is the glycocalyx hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A
  • hydrophilic

- it attracts fluid to the surface of the soul making red blood cells slippery

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27
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane in regard to ion channels?

A
  • allow specific ions into or out of the cell
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28
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane in regard to carriers?

A
  • selectively move substances through the membrane by changing shape - aka transporters
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29
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane in regard to receptor?

A
  • bind to specific molecules (ligand) and then alter the cells functions.
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30
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane in regard to enzymes?

A
  • catalyze chemical reactions inside or outside cell

- Others act as cell-identity markers (glycoproteins and glycolipids)

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31
Q

What are linkers in the plasma membrane?

A
  • anchor filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane

- provide structural stability and shape

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32
Q

Membrane fluidity depends on what?

A
  • the bends in the fatty acids of the phospholipids and presence of cholesterol
  • ** more bends increases the fluidity
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33
Q

What does membranes fluidity enable?

A
  • allows for some mobility
  • maintaining organization and structural organization
  • allows for membrane to self seal pictured
  • allows for formation of cellular junctions
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34
Q

What is selective permeability?

A
  • membrane allow some substances across but not others
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35
Q

What type of molecules are typically allowed to cross a selective permeable membrane?

A
  • small, neutrally charge, lipid soluble substances can freely pass
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36
Q

Why can water (which is polar) freely pass a selective permeable membrane?

A
  • because of its small size
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37
Q

What is the purpose of Chad‘s membrane proteins?

A
  • They act as channels and transporters

- assistant entrance of certain substances that can’t pass through the membrane themselves

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38
Q

Is there inner cell surface positively or negatively charged?

A
  • negatively charged
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39
Q

Is the outer cell surface positively or negatively charged?

A
  • positively charged
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40
Q

Electrical gradients are specific to what?

A
  • The type of molecule
41
Q

What are passive transport processes?

A
  • substances moving across the cell membrane without the input of any energy
  • down concentration or electrical gradient
42
Q

What are active transport processes?

A
  • Involve the use of energy, primarily from the breakdown of ATP
  • move a substance against its gradient
43
Q

What are some examples of passive transport processes?

A
  • simple diffusion of a solute
  • Diffusion of water (osmosis)
  • facilitated diffusion
44
Q

What are some examples of active transport processes?

A
  • primary and secondary transport

- vesicular transport

45
Q

What is the diffusion?

A
  • The passive spread of particles through random motion, from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
46
Q

What affects diffusion?

A
  • The amount of substance and the steepness of the concentration gradient
  • temperature
  • mass of diffusion substance
  • surface area
  • diffusion distance
47
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A
  • A passive process that occurs when substances move through the lipid bilayer
  • high concentration to low concentration
  • without transport of proteins
48
Q

What type of molecules move through simple diffusion?

A
  • Nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules, or very small polar molecules
  • o2, co2, fatty acids, steroids, fat soluble vitamins, water
49
Q

What is channel mediated facilitated diffusion?

A
  • A process worry solute moves down the concentration gradient through a membrane channel
50
Q

Explain gated channels.

A
  • most are ion channels
  • Gates may operate at random or may be mediated by electrical or chemical changes
  • Number of ion channels varies by cell
51
Q

What is an example of channel mediated facilitated diffusion?

A
  • The passage of potassium ions through a gated K+ channel
52
Q

What is carrier mediated facilitated diffusion?

A
  • passive diffusion process where a care of your protein moves I saw you down in concentration gradient
53
Q

Explain how a solute moves through carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion.

A
  • A solute binds to a carrier on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side when the carrier change shape
54
Q

What is an example of carrier mediated facilitated diffusion?

A
  • The passage of glucose across the cell membrane
55
Q

What is osmosis?

A
  • The net movement of solvent through a selective permeable membrane
  • from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
56
Q

Osmosis only occurs when….

A
  • A membrane is permeable to a solvent and not a solute
57
Q

What are the two ways water can pass through the plasma membrane?

A
  • through lipid bilayer by simple diffusion

- through aquaporins (integral membrane proteins)

58
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A
  • The pressure that would have to be applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from passing into a given solution by osmosis
59
Q

Is pressure of the side is all equal to osmotic pressure of extra cellular fluid?

A
  • yes, they are equal
60
Q

What happens when a cell is placed in a solution with different osmotic pressure?

A
  • The shape and volume of the cell change
61
Q

What are the two components of the cytoplasm?

A
  • cytosol and the organelles
62
Q

What is a cytosol?

A
  • Intracellular fluid surrounding the organelles
  • 75 to 90% H2O
  • Site of many chemical reactions
63
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A
  • network of protein filaments throughout the site is all

- provides structural support for the cell

64
Q

What are the three types of protein filaments throughout the cytosol?

A
  • microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
65
Q

Explain the structure of microfilaments.

A
  • thinnest
  • most actin and myosin
  • near edge of the cell
66
Q

Explain the structure of intermediate filaments?

A
  • do not participate in cell motility

- named for relative thickness

67
Q

Explain the structure of microtubules?

A
  • thick, long, unbranched and hollow
68
Q

What is the centrosome?

A
  • located near the nucleus

- consists of two centrioles and pericentriolar material

69
Q

What is the cilia?

A
  • Short, hair like projections from the cell surface

- move fluids along a cell surface

70
Q

What are flagella?

A
  • move the entire cell
  • only example is the sperm cells tail
  • majority of material is microtubules
71
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A
  • they are the sights of proteins synthesis made from mainly rRNA
72
Q

How is a complete functional ribosome fabricated?

A
  • made by assembling a large and small subunit
73
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A
  • some are found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

- free in the cell (proteins used by cytosol)

74
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • network of membranes in the shape of flattened sacs or tubules
75
Q

Describe the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A
  • connected to the nuclear envelope
  • consist of a series of flatten sacs
  • surfaces studded with ribosomes
  • produces various proteins
76
Q

Describe the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A
  • network of membrane tubules
  • does not have ribosomes
  • has enzymes are play a key role in the synthesis of fatty acids and steroids
  • detoxification of certain drugs
77
Q

Describe the Golgi complex

A
  • consists of 3-20 flattened, membranous sacs called cisternae (stack of pancakes)
  • cisterns on opposite sides vary in size, shape and enzyme activity
  • cis (entry) face receives and modifies proteins from the rough ER
  • enzymes modify (adds carbs and lipids to form glycoproteins and lipoproteins) in the medial cisternae
  • sort and package proteins for transport to different destinations before release on the trans face (facing PM)
78
Q

What are lysosomes?

A
  • vesicles that form from the Golgi complex and contain powerful digestive enzymes that break down molecules within vesicles formed during endocytosis for use in the cytosol
  • engulf other organelles, digest them and return components to cytosol (autophagy) or destroy the cell that contains them (autolysis)
79
Q

What is autolysis?

A
  • destruction of cells or tissues by their own enzymes
80
Q

What is autophagy?

A

-

81
Q

What is autophagy?

A
  • conserved degradation of the cell that removes unnecessary components
82
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A
  • smaller than lysosomes
  • detoxify several toxic substances (alcohol)
  • abundant in the liver
83
Q

What are proteasomes?

A
  • continuously destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins
  • found in the cytosol and the nucleus
  • contain protease
84
Q

Explain the anatomy of the mitochondria

A

Cristae - the series of folds of the inner membrane
Matrix - the large central fluid-filled cavity
- Have inner and outer mitochondrial membranes similar in structure to the plasma membrane

85
Q

What are some features of mitochondria?

A
  • Generate ATP through aerobic respiration
  • Self-replicate during times of increased cellular demand or before cell division
  • Contain own DNA
  • Implications of mitochondrial biogenesis for exercise
  • Have a role in apoptosis
86
Q

Whew are the mitochondria located? Where are the enzymes catalyzed?

A
  • Located within the cell where O2 enters or ATP is used

- Enzymes that catalyze cellular respiration are located on the cristae

87
Q

Describe how the nucleus looks?

A
  • Spherical or oval-shaped structure
    Usually most prominent feature of a cell
  • nuclear envelope
  • nuclear pores
88
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A
  • a double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
  • out membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum
89
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A
  • numerous openings in the nuclear envelope made of a circular arrangement of proteins
  • control movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm
90
Q

What are the contents of the nucleus?-

A
  • nucleoli
  • genes
  • chromosomes
91
Q

What is the nucleoli?

A
  • spherical body that produces ribosomes

- cluster of DNA, RNA and protein

92
Q

What are genes?

A
  • the cell’s hereditary units
    control activities and structure of the cell
  • arranged along chromosomes
93
Q

What are chromosomes

A
  • long molecules of DNA combines with protein molecules
94
Q

What is gene expression?

A
  • the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is used for synthesis of a protein
95
Q

What is transcription?

A
  • information encoded in a specific region of DNA is copied (transcribed) to produce RNA
96
Q

What is translation?

A
  • RNA attaches to a ribosome where the information in the RNA strand is translated into a corresponding amino acid sequence to form the new protein
97
Q

What is a codon?

A
  • specifies a particular amino acid - AUGT etc.
98
Q

Describe the process of transcription. (How is it done)

A
  • occurs in the nucleus
  • genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto a strand of RNA to direct protein synthesis
  • only the part of the DNA that contains information for the specific/required protein is copied
99
Q

Explain the process of transcription. (What is being created)

A
  • three types can be made
  • beginning at a promoter, RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription of one of the DNA strands
  • ends at a terminator sequence where RNA polymerase is signaled to detach and RNA is released

KIN 267 - HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY (3 decks)

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