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Biology-Anatomy and Physiology > Chemical level > Flashcards

Chemical level Flashcards

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1
Q

define matter

A

object with mass and takes up space

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2
Q

define elements

A

substance that cannot be broken down to any other chemical form

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3
Q

how are elements and matter different?

A

matter is made up of elements

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4
Q

define atoms

A

smallest particle of an element with properties of that element

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5
Q

what are the 4 major elements that make up most of the body?

A

Oxygen,Carbon,Hydrogen,Nitrogen

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6
Q

what are the 3 subatomic particles and charges that make up elements?

A

Neurons (no charge), protons (positive), electrons (negative)

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7
Q

define molecules

A

the smallest particle of a substance with all the characteristics of that substance

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8
Q

define compounds

A

stable associations between two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio

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9
Q

define solution, solutes, and solvents

A

Solutes- substances that dissolve in water, added to solvent.
solvents- dissolves substances
solution- solutes and solvent combined

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10
Q

what are the 3 major types of chemical bonds?

A

ionic bonding, covalent bonding, metallic bonding

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11
Q

define anion and cation and their relation to ionic bonds

A

anion- ions that are negatively charged
cations- ions that are positively charged
an ionic bond becomes either an anion or a cation

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12
Q

what is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?

A

polar covalent bonds- unequally shared between atoms
nonpolar covalent bonds- more equally shared between atoms

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13
Q

define valence shell. why is the valence shell important to an atom?

A

outer shell of atom, valence electrons determine how an atom reacts

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14
Q

what are a few molecules that represent a polar covalent bond?

A

water, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide, ammonia

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15
Q

what are a few molecules that represent a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

oxygen, nitrogen, carbon

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16
Q

define electronegative and electropositive atoms

A

electronegative- the attraction for electrons; polar when up .4
electropositive- tendency to donate electrons; metallic

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17
Q

what are the 4 biomolecules that make up organic compounds?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

18
Q

What element is the main component of organic chemistry?

A

carbon

19
Q

what is the monomer of proteins? what holds the monomers of proteins together?

A

amino acids. peptide bonds

20
Q

name the monomer of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

21
Q

name the 2 major examples of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

22
Q

name the 4 bases that make up nucleotides

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

23
Q

How is RNA different from DNA?

A

RNA is single-stranded and has base uracil, DNA is double stranded and has base thymine

24
Q

What is the molecule of energy called?

A

ATP- adenosine triphosphate

25
Q

What are acids and bases

A

acid- any hydrogen containing substance that donates a proton to another substance
bases- molecule or ion that can accept a hydrogen ion from an acid

26
Q

What is the pH scale? what are the ranges for both acids and bases? what is considered neutral pH?

A

pH is a measure of H+. acidic- pH < 7, bases- pH >7, neutral- 7

27
Q

what is a buffer?

A

solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components

28
Q

what are the characteristics of carbon?

A

not generally reactive, insoluble in water, diluted acids and bases and organic solvents

29
Q

what are polymers?

A

macromolecules that are multiples of a simpler chemical unit called monomers

30
Q

what are monomers?

A

molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

31
Q

what is the monomer of proteins?

A

amino acids

32
Q

what holds to monomers of proteins together?

A

covalent peptide bonds

33
Q

define enzymes

A

biological catalyst, almost always a protein, speeds up rate of a specific chemical reaction

34
Q

define catalyst

A

substance that increases the rate of chemical reaction without undergoing any permanent chemical change

35
Q

how do catalysts affect the activation required for a chemical reaction?

A

they lower the activation energy. make it easier for atoms to break and form chemical bonds

36
Q

name the monomer of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

37
Q

name two major examples of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

38
Q

what three things make up nucleotides?

A

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group

39
Q

describe structure of DNA

A

two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder (double helix)

40
Q

what is found on the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA? (GCAT)

A

guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine

41
Q

define energy

A

ability to do work

42
Q

explain potential energy and kinetic energy

A

potential energy- mass, acceleration, height. energy possessed by a body at rest
kinetic energy- energy an object has because of motion

Biology-Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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