Chemical level

Question 1

define matter

Answer 1

object with mass and takes up space

Question 2

define elements

Answer 2

substance that cannot be broken down to any other chemical form

Question 3

how are elements and matter different?

Answer 3

matter is made up of elements

Question 4

define atoms

Answer 4

smallest particle of an element with properties of that element

Question 5

what are the 4 major elements that make up most of the body?

Answer 5

Oxygen,Carbon,Hydrogen,Nitrogen

Question 6

what are the 3 subatomic particles and charges that make up elements?

Answer 6

Neurons (no charge), protons (positive), electrons (negative)

Question 7

define molecules

Answer 7

the smallest particle of a substance with all the characteristics of that substance

Question 8

define compounds

Answer 8

stable associations between two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio

Question 9

define solution, solutes, and solvents

Answer 9

Solutes- substances that dissolve in water, added to solvent.
solvents- dissolves substances
solution- solutes and solvent combined

Question 10

what are the 3 major types of chemical bonds?

Answer 10

ionic bonding, covalent bonding, metallic bonding

Question 11

define anion and cation and their relation to ionic bonds

Answer 11

anion- ions that are negatively charged
cations- ions that are positively charged
an ionic bond becomes either an anion or a cation

Question 12

what is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?

Answer 12

polar covalent bonds- unequally shared between atoms
nonpolar covalent bonds- more equally shared between atoms

Question 13

define valence shell. why is the valence shell important to an atom?

Answer 13

outer shell of atom, valence electrons determine how an atom reacts

Question 14

what are a few molecules that represent a polar covalent bond?

Answer 14

water, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide, ammonia

Question 15

what are a few molecules that represent a nonpolar covalent bond?

Answer 15

oxygen, nitrogen, carbon

Question 16

define electronegative and electropositive atoms

Answer 16

electronegative- the attraction for electrons; polar when up .4
electropositive- tendency to donate electrons; metallic

Question 17

what are the 4 biomolecules that make up organic compounds?

Answer 17

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 18

What element is the main component of organic chemistry?

Answer 18

carbon

Question 19

what is the monomer of proteins? what holds the monomers of proteins together?

Answer 19

amino acids. peptide bonds

Question 20

name the monomer of nucleic acids

Answer 20

nucleotides

Question 21

name the 2 major examples of nucleic acids

Answer 21

DNA and RNA

Question 22

name the 4 bases that make up nucleotides

Answer 22

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

Question 23

How is RNA different from DNA?

Answer 23

RNA is single-stranded and has base uracil, DNA is double stranded and has base thymine

Question 24

What is the molecule of energy called?

Answer 24

ATP- adenosine triphosphate

Question 25

What are acids and bases

Answer 25

acid- any hydrogen containing substance that donates a proton to another substance bases- molecule or ion that can accept a hydrogen ion from an acid

Question 26

What is the pH scale? what are the ranges for both acids and bases? what is considered neutral pH?

Answer 26

pH is a measure of H+. acidic- pH < 7, bases- pH >7, neutral- 7

Question 27

what is a buffer?

Answer 27

solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components

Question 28

what are the characteristics of carbon?

Answer 28

not generally reactive, insoluble in water, diluted acids and bases and organic solvents

Question 29

what are polymers?

Answer 29

macromolecules that are multiples of a simpler chemical unit called monomers

Question 30

what are monomers?

Answer 30

molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

Question 31

what is the monomer of proteins?

Answer 31

amino acids

Question 32

what holds to monomers of proteins together?

Answer 32

covalent peptide bonds

Question 33

define enzymes

Answer 33

biological catalyst, almost always a protein, speeds up rate of a specific chemical reaction

Question 34

define catalyst

Answer 34

substance that increases the rate of chemical reaction without undergoing any permanent chemical change

Question 35

how do catalysts affect the activation required for a chemical reaction?

Answer 35

they lower the activation energy. make it easier for atoms to break and form chemical bonds

Question 36

name the monomer of nucleic acids

Answer 36

nucleotides

Question 37

name two major examples of nucleic acids

Answer 37

DNA and RNA

Question 38

what three things make up nucleotides?

Answer 38

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group

Question 39

describe structure of DNA

Answer 39

two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder (double helix)

Question 40

what is found on the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA? (GCAT)

Answer 40

guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine

Question 41

define energy

Answer 41

ability to do work

Question 42

explain potential energy and kinetic energy

Answer 42

potential energy- mass, acceleration, height. energy possessed by a body at rest kinetic energy- energy an object has because of motion