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Biology-Anatomy and Physiology > cells > Flashcards

cells Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a cell? name the 3 main parts of a cell

A

cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

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2
Q

describe components and characteristics of cell membrane

A

separates interior of cell from outside. consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. it regulates transport of materials entering and exiting the cell

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3
Q

what does it mean to be selectively permeable?

A

ability to differentiate between different types of molecules

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4
Q

describe the difference between active and passive transport

A

passive processes do not require energy and depends on substances moving down concentration gradient, active processes require energy and substances must be moved up its concentration gradient

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5
Q

what does diffusion mean?

A

the net movement of ions or molecules from area of greater concentration to area of lesser concentration

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6
Q

how is osmosis different from diffusion?

A

diffusion uses solutes, osmosis uses water

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7
Q

define isotonic

A

same osmotic pressure of another solution; normal

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8
Q

define Hypotonic

A

lower concentration of solutes, higher concentration of water than cytosol, overfilled

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9
Q

define hypertonic

A

higher concentration of solutes than cytosol. shrunken

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10
Q

Describe how solutes determine where water moves in a cell

A

water is used to balance out the concentration gradient. solutes cannot effectively balance the concentration on both sides of the cell

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11
Q

Name and the three types of vesicular transport

A

Endocytosis-Exocytosis-Transcytosis

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12
Q

describe endocytosis

A

large substances entering the cell

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13
Q

describe exocytosis

A

large substances secreted from cell

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14
Q

describe transcytosis

A

transport of macromolecules from one side to the other (in a cell)

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15
Q

Name the three types of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis-Pinocytosis-Receptor

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16
Q

Describe Phagocytosis

A

cell engulfs large particle and encloses it in a vesicle

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17
Q

describe pinocytosis

A

smaller particles that have been dissolved

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18
Q

describe receptor

A

receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule

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19
Q

what is the purpose and function of the mitochondria?

A

powerhouse/ engages in digestion of fuel molecules for the energy to synthesize ATP/ functions in apoptosis

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20
Q

what is the purpose and function of ribosomes?

A

the site of protein synthesis

21
Q

what is the purpose and function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

calcium storage, protein synthesis, lipid metabolism

22
Q

Explain Rough ER and Smooth ER

A

Rough ER- involved with production, folding, quality control and dispatch of proteins
Smooth ER- involved with production, folding, quality control and dispatch of lipids (fats)

23
Q

what is the purpose and function of the Golgi apparatus

A

involves proteins received from endoplasmic reticulum

24
Q

what is the purpose and function of peroxisomes

A

role in chemical digestion

25
Q

what is the purpose and function of lysosomes

A

participate in digestion of unneeded substances

26
Q

what is the cytoskeleton? what is its purpose?

A

plays role in support, organization, cell division, and movement of materials. it anchors proteins in membrane

27
Q

what are centrosomes

A

in the central region of the chromosome. involved in the process of cell division

28
Q

what are centrioles?

A

organelles located in cytoplasm next to nuclear envelope. involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division

29
Q

what is the purpose and function of the nucleus

A

control center, holds genetic info

30
Q

what are the 3 main structures of the nucleus

A

nucleolus, nuclear pores, nuclear envelope

31
Q

describe the nuclear envelope

A

2 layered membrane barrier that separates cytoplasm and nucleus

32
Q

what is the fluid found in the nuclear envelope?

A

nucleoplasm

33
Q

what are nuclear pores?

A

open passageways formed by proteins

34
Q

what are the differences between chromatin and chromosomes?

A

chromatin is unraveled DNA and chromosome is the most condensed version of DNA

35
Q

what are the two main periods of the cell cycle

A

mitosis and interphase

36
Q

which part of the cell cycle do you see chromatin, chromosomes, and DNA replication?

A

chromatin- interphase
chromosomes- prophase
DNA replication- S phase

37
Q

which part of the cell cycle is the longest?

A

interphase

38
Q

Name and describe the 3 substages of interphase

A

G2 phase- double checks chromosomes and makes any repairs, S Phase- DNA synthesis, G1 phase- cellular contents duplicated excluding the chromosomes

39
Q

why is DNA replication important?

A

to make sure a divided cell has the correct instructions for genes and proteins

40
Q

which part divides the nucleus of the cell?

A

mitosis

41
Q

which part divides the cytoplasm of the cell?

A

cytokinesis

42
Q

what are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase-Metaphase-Anaphase-Telophase

43
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

chromosomes condense and become visible, nuclear envelope disappears

44
Q

what happens in metaphase?

A

chromosomes are lined up at equatorial plate

45
Q

what happens in anaphase?

A

sister chromatids separate. centromeres divide

46
Q

what happens in telophase?

A

chromatin expands, cytoplasm divides

47
Q

name the 2 steps of protein synthesis

A

Transcriptions- translations

48
Q

What is transcriptions?

A

taking DNA and transcribing it into RNA

Biology-Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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