cells

Question 1

what is a cell? name the 3 main parts of a cell

Answer 1

cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

Question 2

describe components and characteristics of cell membrane

Answer 2

separates interior of cell from outside. consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. it regulates transport of materials entering and exiting the cell

Question 3

what does it mean to be selectively permeable?

Answer 3

ability to differentiate between different types of molecules

Question 4

describe the difference between active and passive transport

Answer 4

passive processes do not require energy and depends on substances moving down concentration gradient, active processes require energy and substances must be moved up its concentration gradient

Question 5

what does diffusion mean?

Answer 5

the net movement of ions or molecules from area of greater concentration to area of lesser concentration

Question 6

how is osmosis different from diffusion?

Answer 6

diffusion uses solutes, osmosis uses water

Question 7

define isotonic

Answer 7

same osmotic pressure of another solution; normal

Question 8

define Hypotonic

Answer 8

lower concentration of solutes, higher concentration of water than cytosol, overfilled

Question 9

define hypertonic

Answer 9

higher concentration of solutes than cytosol. shrunken

Question 10

Describe how solutes determine where water moves in a cell

Answer 10

water is used to balance out the concentration gradient. solutes cannot effectively balance the concentration on both sides of the cell

Question 11

Name and the three types of vesicular transport

Answer 11

Endocytosis-Exocytosis-Transcytosis

Question 12

describe endocytosis

Answer 12

large substances entering the cell

Question 13

describe exocytosis

Answer 13

large substances secreted from cell

Question 14

describe transcytosis

Answer 14

transport of macromolecules from one side to the other (in a cell)

Question 15

Name the three types of endocytosis

Answer 15

Phagocytosis-Pinocytosis-Receptor

Question 16

Describe Phagocytosis

Answer 16

cell engulfs large particle and encloses it in a vesicle

Question 17

describe pinocytosis

Answer 17

smaller particles that have been dissolved

Question 18

describe receptor

Answer 18

receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule

Question 19

what is the purpose and function of the mitochondria?

Answer 19

powerhouse/ engages in digestion of fuel molecules for the energy to synthesize ATP/ functions in apoptosis

Question 20

what is the purpose and function of ribosomes?

Answer 20

the site of protein synthesis

Question 21

what is the purpose and function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 21

calcium storage, protein synthesis, lipid metabolism

Question 22

Explain Rough ER and Smooth ER

Answer 22

Rough ER- involved with production, folding, quality control and dispatch of proteins
Smooth ER- involved with production, folding, quality control and dispatch of lipids (fats)

Question 23

what is the purpose and function of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 23

involves proteins received from endoplasmic reticulum

Question 24

what is the purpose and function of peroxisomes

Answer 24

role in chemical digestion

Question 25

what is the purpose and function of lysosomes

Answer 25

participate in digestion of unneeded substances

Question 26

what is the cytoskeleton? what is its purpose?

Answer 26

plays role in support, organization, cell division, and movement of materials. it anchors proteins in membrane

Question 27

what are centrosomes

Answer 27

in the central region of the chromosome. involved in the process of cell division

Question 28

what are centrioles?

Answer 28

organelles located in cytoplasm next to nuclear envelope. involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division

Question 29

what is the purpose and function of the nucleus

Answer 29

control center, holds genetic info

Question 30

what are the 3 main structures of the nucleus

Answer 30

nucleolus, nuclear pores, nuclear envelope

Question 31

describe the nuclear envelope

Answer 31

2 layered membrane barrier that separates cytoplasm and nucleus

Question 32

what is the fluid found in the nuclear envelope?

Answer 32

nucleoplasm

Question 33

what are nuclear pores?

Answer 33

open passageways formed by proteins

Question 34

what are the differences between chromatin and chromosomes?

Answer 34

chromatin is unraveled DNA and chromosome is the most condensed version of DNA

Question 35

what are the two main periods of the cell cycle

Answer 35

mitosis and interphase

Question 36

which part of the cell cycle do you see chromatin, chromosomes, and DNA replication?

Answer 36

chromatin- interphase chromosomes- prophase DNA replication- S phase

Question 37

which part of the cell cycle is the longest?

Answer 37

interphase

Question 38

Name and describe the 3 substages of interphase

Answer 38

G2 phase- double checks chromosomes and makes any repairs, S Phase- DNA synthesis, G1 phase- cellular contents duplicated excluding the chromosomes

Question 39

why is DNA replication important?

Answer 39

to make sure a divided cell has the correct instructions for genes and proteins

Question 40

which part divides the nucleus of the cell?

Answer 40

mitosis

Question 41

which part divides the cytoplasm of the cell?

Answer 41

cytokinesis

Question 42

what are the 4 stages of mitosis?

Answer 42

Prophase-Metaphase-Anaphase-Telophase

Question 43

What happens in prophase?

Answer 43

chromosomes condense and become visible, nuclear envelope disappears

Question 44

what happens in metaphase?

Answer 44

chromosomes are lined up at equatorial plate

Question 45

what happens in anaphase?

Answer 45

sister chromatids separate. centromeres divide

Question 46

what happens in telophase?

Answer 46

chromatin expands, cytoplasm divides

Question 47

name the 2 steps of protein synthesis

Answer 47

Transcriptions- translations

Question 48

What is transcriptions?

Answer 48

taking DNA and transcribing it into RNA