Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AUBF Lec > Chemical Determination Of Urine > Flashcards

Chemical Determination Of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

Glucose

Reading Time: Principle: Positive Color

A

30 seconds: Double sequential enzyme reaction: Green to Brown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bilirubin

Reading Time: Principle: Positive Color

A

30 seconds: Diazo reaction: Tan or pink to violet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ketones

Reading Time: Principle: Positive Color

A

40 seconds: Sodium nitroprusside reaction (Legal’s Test): Purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Specific Gravity

Reading Time: Principle: Positive Color

A

45 seconds: PKa change of a polyelectrolyte: Blue (SG 1.000) to yellow (SG 1.030)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Protein

Reading Time: Principle: Positive Color

A

60 seconds: Protein (Sorensen’s) error of indicators: Blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pH

Reading Time: Principle: Positive Color

A

60 seconds: Double indicator system: Orange (pH 5.0) to Blue (pH 9.0)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Blood

Reading Time: Principle: Positive Color

A

60 seconds: Pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin
Uniform green/blue (Hgb or Mb) Speckled/spotted (intact RBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Urobilinogen

Reading Time: Principle: Positive Color

A

60 seconds: Ehrlich reaction
Red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nitrite

Reading Time: Principle: Positive Color

A

60 seconds: Greiss reaction
Uniform Pink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Leukocytes

Reading Time: Principle: Positive Color

A

120 seconds: Leukocyte esterase
Purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Reagent Strip Technique (4)

A
  1. Dip the reagent strip in a well-mixed urine (uncentrifuged) (Room temperature) not more than 1 second
  2. Blot the edge of the reagent strip on disposable absorbent pad
  3. Wait for each reading time to be reach
  4. Compare the color per parameter.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Care for Reagent Strips
Store in?
Store below?
Do not?

A

opaque , tightly closed container

30°C (RT)

freeze

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Automated Reagent Strip
Readers principle

A

Light reflection from the test pads decreases in proportion to intensity of color produced by
the concentration of the test substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Specific Gravity is Influenced by the

A

number and size of particles in solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Normal SG (random)

A

1.003-1.035 (random)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When SG <1.003

A

Not a urine (except in D.I)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When SG >1.040

A

Radiographic dye present
(improve visibility of internal structures for X-ray)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

SG = 1.010 is referred to as

A

Isosthenuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

SG < 1.010 (diluted) is referred to as

A

Hyposthenuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

SG > 1.010 (concentrated) is referred to as

A

Hypersthenuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Urinometry (Urinometer/Hydrometer)

Reading:
Calibration Temperature:
Requires temperature correction:
- Below 3°C=
- Above 3°C=
Requires correction for Glucose and protein:
- 1 g/dL Glucose=
- 1 g/dL Protein=
Urine volume required:
Calibration:

A

Reading: LOWER MENISCUS Calibration Temperature: 20 °C Requires temperature correction:
❑ Below 3°C= =-0.001
❑ Above 3°C= +0.001
Requires correction for Glucose and protein:
❑ 1 g/dL Glucose= -0.004 (subtract)
❑ 1 g/dL Protein= -0.003 (subtract) Urine volume required: 10- 15 mL
Calibration:
❑ Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) solution= add 20.29g K2SO4 to 1 L of Water=SG should always be 1.015

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Indirect method based on refractive index

A

Refractometry (Refractometer/TS Meter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Do Refractometry (Refractometer/TS Meter) requires temperature correction?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Refractometry (Refractometer/TS Meter) requires correction for?

A

Glucose and Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Refractometry (Refractometer/TS Meter) Calibration: Distilled water: SG= 3% NaCl: 5% NaCl: 9% Sucrose:
Calibration: Distilled water: SG= 1.000 3% NaCl: 1.015 ± 0.001 5% NaCl: 1.022 ± 0.001 9% Sucrose: 1.034 ± 0.001
26
RI calculation
light velocity of air/ light velocity solution
27
True or false: Specimens with very high SG readings can be diluted and retested
True
28
Reagent Strip Reaction for Specific Gravity: Principle
Change in pKa (dissociation constant of a polyelectrolyte)
29
Reagent Strip Reaction for Specific Gravity: Reagents
Multistix: Poly (methyl vinyl ether/ maleic anhydride) bromthymol blue Chemstrip: Ethyleneglycoldiaminoethylethertetraacetic acid bromthymol blue
30
Reagent Strip Reaction for Specific Gravity: Interferences False (+): False (-):
False (+): high concentration of protein False (-): Highly alkaline urines (>6.5)
31
Urine: Low Specific Gravity
specimen not concentrated, kidney disease.
32
Urine: High Specific Gravity
first morning, certain drugs
33
Urine: Random specimen SG
(1.003 to 1.032)
34
Urine: 24 hours specimen SG
(1.015 to 1.025)
35
Severe renal tubular damage, sp. Gravity is fixed at
1.010 =isothenuric
36
Based on frequency of soundwave entering a solution changes in proportion to the density of the solution
Harmonic Oscillation Densitometry
37
Example of Harmonic Oscillation Densitometry
Yellow IRIS (International Remote Imaging System)
38
Harmonic Oscillation Densitometry Urine volume: For IRIS Slideless microscope: For IRIS Mass Gravity Meter:
Urine volume: 6 mL For IRIS Slideless microscope: 4 mL For IRIS Mass Gravity Meter: 2 mL
39
Important in the identification of crystals and determination of unsatisfactory specimens
pH
40
Normal pH o Random: o 1st morning: o pH of 9.0-
o Random: 4.5- 8.0 o 1st morning: 5.0- 6.0 o pH of 9.0- unpreserved urine
41
Causes of Acid Urine (8)
Diabetes Mellitus (Inc. Ketone bodies) Starvation (Inc. Ketone bodies) High protein diet Cranberry juice (Tx for UTI) Emphysema dehydration diarrhea presence of acid-producing bacteria (E.coli)
42
Causes of Alkaline Urine (7)
Renal tubular acidosis Vegetarian diet After meal- due to alkaline tide (withdrawal of H ions) Vomiting Old specimens hyperventilation presence of urease-producing bacteria
43
Reagent Strip Reaction for pH (60 secs): principle
Double indicator system
44
Reagent Strip Reaction for pH (60 secs): Reagents
Methy Red Bromthymol Blue
45
Reagent Strip Reaction for pH (60 secs) : Interferences
No known interfering substances Correlate: Nitrite, Leukocytes, Microscopic
46
Most indicative of renal disease
Protein
47
Indication of presence of protein in urine
Presence of white foam when shaken
48
Major serum protein found in the urine
Albumin
49
Albumin Major serum protein found in the urine Normal values: Henry: Stras:
Henry:<150 mg/day Stras:<100 mg/day or <10 mg/dL
50
Other proteins beside from albumin
• Serum and tubular microglobulins • Tamm-Horsfall protein (Uromodulin) • Protein derived from prostatic and vaginal secretion
51
Caused by conditions that affect the plasma prior to it reaching the kidney
PRE-RENAL ("Before") or Proteinuria (Overflow Proteinuria)
52
PRE-RENAL ("Before") or Proteinuria (Overflow Proteinuria) Intravascular Hemolysis: Muscle injury: Severe infection/Inflammation: Multiple Myeloma:
Intravascular Hemolysis: Increase Hemoglobin Muscle injury: increase Myoglobin Severe infection/Inflammation: increase acute phase reactants Multiple Myeloma: Proliferation of Ig producing plasma cells= BENCE-JONES PROTEIN
53
Tests for Bence-Jones Protein (2)
o Serum electrophoresis o Immunofixation electrophoresis
54
Bence-Jones Protein In Urine: Precipitates @ ? --> ? Dissolves @ ? (?)
In Urine: Precipitates @ 40-60 °C --> producing cloudy urine Dissolves @ 100 °C (clear urine)
55
A. Glomerular Proteinuria 1. Diabetic Nephropathy -Decrease _____ -May lead to ______ Indicator: _______
-Decrease GFR -May lead to renal failure Indicator: Microalbuminuria (Proteinuria undetectable by routine reagent strip)
56
Proteinuria undetectable by routine reagent strip
Microalbuminuria
57
Micral Test: Principle: Reading time: False (-): Result: (+) ____, (-) ____
Micral Test: Principle: Enzyme immunoassay Reading time: 60 seconds/1 minute False (-): diluted urine Result: (+) Red, (-) white
58
Albumin Excretion Rate (AER)= in ug/min or in mg/24 hrs Normal AER: Microalbuminuria: Clinical albuminuria:
Normal AER: 0-20 ug/min Microalbuminuria: 20-200 ug/min Clinical albuminuria: >200 ug/min
59
Orthostatic Proteinuria is also known as
Cadet/ Postural Proteinuria
60
Proteinuria when standing due to increased pressure to renal veins
Orthostatic Proteinuria
61
ORTHOSTATIC PROTEINURIA FIRST MORNING: 2 HOURS AFTER STANDING:
FIRST MORNING: - 2 HOURS AFTER STANDING: +
62
CLINICAL PROTEINURIA FIRST MORNING: 2 HOURS AFTER STANDING:
FIRST MORNING: + 2 HOURS AFTER STANDING: +
63
Normally filtered albumin can no longer be reabsorbed
TUBULAR PROTEINURIA
64
TUBULAR PROTEINURIA disorders: (3)
• Fanconi's syndrome • Toxic agents/ heavy metals • Severe viral infections
65
Post-renal proteinuria (After) (5)
1. Lower UTI/ Inflammation 2. Injury/ trauma 3. Menstrual contamination 4. Prostatic fluid/ spermatozoa 5. Vaginal secretions
66
Reagent Strip Reaction for Protein (60 secs) Principle
Protein (Sorensen's) error of indicator
67
Reagent Strip Reaction for Protein (60 secs): Reagents
Multistix: Tetrabromphenol blue Chemstrip: Tetrachlorophenol tetrabromosulfonphthalein
68
Reagent Strip Reaction for Protein (60 secs): Interferences
False (+): high SG, highly buffered alkaline urine, pigmented specimen, antiseptics, phenazopyridine, detergents False (-): protein other than albumin, microalbuminuria
69
Reagent Strip Reaction for Protein (60 secs): Remark
Indicator is sensitive to Albumin Correlated to blood, nitrite, leukocytes, microscopic
70
A cold precipitation test that reacts equally with all forms of protein
Sulfosalicylic Acid (SSA) Precipitation Test
71
Reporting SSA Turbidity Turbidity: Protein Range (mg/dL) Negative: Trace: 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+
Negative: no increase in turbidity; less than 6 Trace: Noticeable turbidity; 6-30 1+: Distinct Turbidity, no granulation; 30-100 2+: turbidity, granulation, no flocculation; 100-200 3+: turbidity, granulation, flocculation; 200-400, 4+: clump of protein; >400
72
Most frequently tested in urine
Glucose (Dextrose)
73
Renal threshold for glucose
160-180 mg/dL (plasma concentration of a subs. At which tubular reabsorption stops
74
Increase blood glucose= increase urine glucose
Hyperglycemia-associated
75
Causes of hyperglycemia
DM Cushing's syndrome (inc cortisol) Pheochromocytoma (inc catecholamines) Acromegaly (inc growth hormone) Hyperthyroidism (inc T3, T4)
76
Normal glucose=increase urine glucose
Renal-associated
77
Cause of Renal-associated
Defective tubular reabsorption of glucose and amino acids
78
Reagent Strip Reaction for Glucose (30 secs): principle
Double sequential Enzyme Reaction
79
Reagent Strip Reaction for Glucose (30 secs): reagents
Multistix: Glucose oxidase, Peroxidase, Potassium iodide (blue to green to brown) Chemstrip: Glucose oxidase, Peroxidase, Tetramethylbenzidine (yellow to green)
80
Reagent Strip Reaction for Glucose (30 secs): interferences
False (+): Oxidizing agents, detergents False (-): Ascorbic acid, ketones, high SG, Low temperature, improper preserve urine
81
Reagent Strip Reaction for Glucose (30 secs): remarks
Correlated: ketones, proteins

AUBF Lec (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions