Chemical Composition of the Cell , Cells to Organs Flashcards
What is the smallest unit of a compound ?
Molecule
What are examples of inorganic compounds ?
Water, Sodium Chloride , CO2
What is one compound that contains the element carbon that can’t be broken down by the body, state why.
Carbon Dixoide, because if it’s broken down into CO the human will die right away.
What is one compound that contains the element carbon that can’t be broken down by the body, state why.
Carbon Dixoide, because if it’s broken down into CO the human will die right away.
What are carbohydrates made of ? 1 gram of Carbohydrates gives how many cal of heat ?
C-H-O, 4
Another name for startch
Complex carbohydrates
What do plants use startch for ?
To store excess energy
What is another name for epithelial tissue ?
Carry-bag
What are the 7 functions of the epithelial tissue ?
Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filteration, diffusion, sensory receptors
Which type of epithelial tissue illustartes the simple biological principal “structure closely correlates with function”
Glandular Epithelia
**1) What are the ducted glands and what do they secrete ?
2) What are the ductless glands and what do they secrete ?
1)Exocrine. Enzymes
2)Endocrine. Hormones
Gives examples of the locations of the 4 epithelial cells.
1)Squamous(simple) –> Cheeks
2)Cuboidal–> Bronchioles
3)Columner –> Bronchioles
4)Transitional –> Bladder
What is the molecular formula of monosachrides(sugar) and give the molecules.
CnH2nOn. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose.
What is one of the main sources of calories and what makes them speical ?
Glucose. It can cross the blood-brain barrier and thus nourishes the brain
What links with glucose to form lactose ?
Galactose
What are monosachrides bonded by and what is the by product of the reactions ?
Glycosidic bonding. Water.
By what process is glucose stored and where ?
Glucose is stored through the process of glycogenesis and is stored in the liver as glycogen.
Which monosachride takes part in cellular respiration ?
Glucose
What is the molecular formula for disaccharides(sugar) ?
C12H22O11
How are monosachrides joined to become disacchrides ?
By dehydration or condensation
What is multose, lactose, and sucrose made of ?
1)Glucose + Glucose
2)Glucose + Galactose
3)Glucose + Fructose
What are oligosacchrides ?
Small chains of galactose molecules: galacto-oligosacchride (complex carbohydrate)
What are the three epithelial tissue junctions and their functions?
1)Tight: prevent leaks
2)Gap: connect abutting cytoplasms
3)Adhering(door hinge): cement cells together
What are the 6 functions of connective tissue ?
1)Bindsstructures together
2)Forms the framework and support for the organs
3)Stores fat
4)Transport
5)Protects against disease
6)Repairstissue damage
What are the 2 basic components of connective tissues ?
Cells and extracellular fibers
What is the difference between the speicialized and proper tissues?
Proper tissues are found in every cell , whereas specialized tissues are not.
What are the two types of proper connective tissues and their locations?
1)Loose, under the skin, most epithelia
2)Dense, tendons,skin,kidney capsule
Sub categories of loose and dense
Loose–> areolar
Dense–> elsatic anf fibrous (ligaments b to b, tendons b to m)
What are the functions of the connective tissue proper ?
Support and Elasticity
What is the most abundunt carbhohydrate ?
Polysacchrides
Give 4 examples of polysacchrides.
Cellulose, chitin, startch, glycogen
Where are polysacchrides found?
Potatoes , rice, wheat , and maize
T/F: Some lipids are hormones
True
1g of lipid give____cal of heat
9
What are lipids made of ?
1 glycerol(alcohol) + 3 fatty acids(hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group)
What are amino acids joined by?
peptide bonds
tWhat are the elements that make up proteins ?
C,H,O,N,S
What are the macromloecules of protein ?
Carboxyl group, variable R , amine group
What is mad cows disease a prodcut of ?
Prions
What are the 3 common connective tissue cells ?
Fibroblast, macrophage, mast cell
What are the 4 types of speicilaized connective tissues ?
1)Cartilage, cells are chondrocytes
2)Adipose
3)Blood, RBC , WBC, plasma , platelets
4)Bone(Osseos), osteocytes (spingy tissue & compact tissue)
Long and slender muscle cells are known as
Muscle Fibres
How are muscle tissues arranged ?
Arranged in bundles/layers surrounded by connective tissue.
What are the 2 muscle proteins ?
Actin and mysoin
Describe skeletal muscle tissue
1)voluntary
2)cylindrical
3)multinucleated
4)Striated
Describe Smooth muscle tissue
1) involuntary
2) cells are spindle shaped
2) single nucleus
3) lack striations
4) found in hollow organs
5) Function: prpoulsion of substances along passage ways
Describe cardiac muscle tissue
1)involuntary
2)has branching fibres
3)one nucleus
4)striations
5)intercalated discs (cells are fused together at plasma membrane)
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions ?
By lowering the energy of activation
Efficancy of the enzymes depends on
pH and temp
What substances assist enzymes ?
1)Cofactors: minerals
2)Coenzymes: vitamins
What elements make up nucleic acids ?
C,H,O,P,N
What are the polymers of nucleotides ?
1) phosphate group
2) Nitrogenous base
3) 5-carbon sugar
Another name for the RNA that resides in the nucleus is
Heterogenous RNA
What fraction of our body is made up of water ?
2/3
Where is the nervous tissue found ?
Brain , spinal cord, nerves
What are the 3 functions of the nervous tissue ?
1)Stimultes muscle contractions
2)Creates awarness of the environment
3)Plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning
What is the difference between neuroglia and neurons ?
Neuroglia –> nonconducting and nurtures the neurons
Neurons–> condcuting cells
What are the 7 parts of a neuron ?
Dendrties, nuclues, cyton, myelin sheath, schwann’s cells, node of ranvier, axon terminals
What are the 10 body systems ?
1)Nervous
2)Respiratory
3)Digestive
4)Urinary
5)Reproductive
6)Integumentary
7)Endocrine
8)Immune
9)Msucular&Skeletal
10)Circulatory
