Chemical Composition

Question 1

Ingredients in tinting products

Answer 1

Vegetable dye, small molecules of toluene diamine
Hydrogen peroxide 10 vol 3%

Question 2

Explain how oxidation occurs and one example

Answer 2

Oxidation is the chemical reaction which occurs when substances combine with oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide mixed with vegetable dye and oxygen.

Question 3

How and why does tanning occur

Answer 3

Melanin or pigmentation builds up to reduce the penetration of uv rays

Question 4

Give two physical symptoms of a person with a long term sun exposure tan

Answer 4

Solar lentigines, hyper pigmentation.

Question 5

How and why does photoaging occur

Answer 5

Uv rays penetrate the dermis, damaging the protein supporting fibres.

Question 6

Give two symptoms of photo aging

Answer 6

Loss of elasticity, loss of tone, wrinkling of the skin.

Question 7

What fibres are damaged by photo aging?

Answer 7

Collagen and elastin

Question 8

How and why does epidermal thickening occur

Answer 8

Stratum corneum increases in thickness reducing uv penetration. This helps protect the skin from sunburn.

Question 9

Give two symptoms of epidermal thickening

Answer 9

Roughened skin texture, thickened areas of the skin.

Question 10

What are two important properties of infrared light?

Answer 10

Gives off heat, not light, ranges between around 770-4000 nm in wavelength.

Question 11

How is infrared light used in the clinic?

Answer 11

Used to heat the bodies tissues, to replace other forms of heat treatments such as saunas or steam rooms.

Question 12

What are the benefits of using infrared light on the skin and body tissues?

Answer 12

To relax tense muscles, relieve muscular pain, increase circulation.

Question 13

What are 6 health and safety rules of using infrared light?

Answer 13

-equipment is serviced regularly
-protective eyewear is to be worn
-equipment is sanitised thoroughly after use
-no water around equipment
-check skin type thoroughly
-all visits are recorded

Question 14

What are some important angle and distance rules when using infrared therapy?

Answer 14

The heat lamp should be placed at a 90 degree right angle to the area being treated for maximum intensity (cosine law).
Distance from the lamp to the area treated is doubled and the intensity of the rays is quartered, intensity of the heat rapidly decreases as the distance from the heat source increases (inverse square law).

Question 15

What is an anode and cathode?

Answer 15

Anode is a positively charged electrode.

Cathode is a negatively charged electrode.

Question 16

What are some examples of UV used in the clinic?

Answer 16

UV sterilisation cabinet
Sun bed, skin scanner, woods lamp.

Question 17

What is amperage?

Answer 17

The strength of the electrical current, the rate of electron flow.

Question 18

What is alternating current?

Answer 18

A type of electrical current where Electrons oscillate as they move forward.

Question 19

What are the effects of the high frequency (AC) on tissues, e.g facial machines?

Answer 19

When used in a facial, the effect of this on the skin is a subtle heating of the superficial tissues, bringing warmth and blood flow to the skin.

Question 20

Physiological effects on the skin and body tissues after infrared radiation, how and why they occur?

Answer 20

Increase in circulation when the blood vessels dilate in the area being heated which provides the skin with oxygen and nutrients.

Increase in temperature relaxes the muscles and relieves pain and heat soothes the sensory nerves.

Increase in glandular activity due to increased temperature of the skin, sweat glands release sweat to cool the skin.