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Chem Quiz Two > Chem (Topic 3b,4a,7a) > Flashcards

Chem (Topic 3b,4a,7a) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a bond energy?

A

Energy required to break a bond

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2
Q

What is a bond energy?

A

Energy required to break a bond

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3
Q

Provide two examples of stronger bonds

A

Shorter bonds = stronger ( eg. N- Cl vs N - l
Multi bonds = stronger than single

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4
Q

What does Recall mean?

A

Visible light UV light causes electronic excitation in atoms and molecules

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5
Q

Infrared in causes what?

A

Vibrational excitation

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6
Q

What causes vibrational excitation and what is needed?

A

Infrared causes it
Need diople, symmetrical won’t work, but opposite will

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7
Q

What is a resonance structure?

A

Alternate ways of drawing a structure

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8
Q

Why do we draw resonance structures?

A

To find the most zero formal charge

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9
Q

What is the difference between major and minor structures

A

Major= closest to zero (can have more than one)
Minor= all other options (can have more than one)

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10
Q

What is formal charge?

A

hypothetical charge an atom would have if bonding electrons were distributed evenly.

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11
Q

What is Ozone (O3)?

A

Lewis structure with two possible outcomes with an equal formal charge.

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12
Q

Are resonance structures delocalized?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What are the rules in resonance structures?

A

-Do NOT move electrons in single bonds
move from:
-lone pairs
-double/triple bonds
-octet rules: C,N,O,F
-free radicals

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14
Q

What is a curved arrow?

A

used to indicate the movement of lone pairs
-useful for resonance structures

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15
Q

what is used to indicate the movement of lone pairs

A

Curved arrows

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16
Q

Describe the directional terms for curved arrows

A

Source——-> Destination (two electrons moving)

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17
Q

Exceptions to octet rule?

A

-Free Radicals- can’t have an odd number (many contain N)
-Incomplete Octets- less on central atom (group 13)
-Hypercoordinate Molecules- more on central atom (3rd lower row, more than 8)

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18
Q

Difference between lewis and VSPER?

A

2D- Lewis
3D- VSPER

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19
Q

VSPER Theory

A

-to maximize the distance between two electrons
-best arrangement is the one that minimizes the repulsion among them

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20
Q

Describe domains

A

Lone pairs= 1 domain
1 bond- 1 domain
2 bond= 1 domain
3 bond= 1 domain
ONLY AROUND CENTRAL ATOM

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21
Q

What are the five basic electron geometries

A

-Linear
-Trigonal Planar
-Tetrahedral
-Trigonal Bipyramidal
-Octahedral

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22
Q

Give the angles of the 5 electron geometries

A

-Linear=180
-Trigonal Planar-120
-Tetrahedral-109
-Trigonal Bipyramidal- 120/90
-Octahedral-90

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23
Q

What is the difference between Electron Geometry and molecular geometry

A

The molecular geometry is based on
the electron group geometry but
modified based on the number of
lone pairs

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24
Q

How many molecular geos are in each electron geo

A

-Linear=0
-Trigonal Planar=1
-Tetrahedral=2
-Trigonal Bipyramidal=3
-Octahedral=2

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25
Q

What plane do we take away first with Trigonal Pyramidal for lone pairs?

A

Equitorial

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26
Q

What plane do we take away first with octahedral for lone pairs?

A

Axial

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27
Q

Why do we use a line/dash/wedge?

A

Represents different planes in 3D structures

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28
Q

What does a line replicate?

A

Same plane as page

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29
Q

What does a dash replicate?

A

goes into page (away from you)

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30
Q

What does a wedge replicate?

A

goes out of page (towards you)

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31
Q

What takes up more space than bonding pairs due to increased repulsion?

A

Lone Pairs

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32
Q

Can you place lone fairs freely in all other structures besides trigonal pyramidal and octahedral?

A

Yes

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33
Q

What do double and triple bonds do in VSPER structures?

A

-increase repulsion
-maximize distance
-double bond will lesson bond between H

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34
Q

What creates molecular Geometry

A

lone pairs

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35
Q

Give the order of highest electron density from smallest to largest?

A

lone pairs
triple bonds
double bonds
single bonds

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36
Q

Give the rules for drawing VSPER structures

A

-draw lewis
-count electrons
-count domains/lone pairs
-draw VSPER

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37
Q

what is/are the molecular geometries for trigonal planar? Describe or draw what the skeletal lewis VSEPR lewis

A

Bent- <120
Lewis- Looks straight across
-3 domains
VSEPR- Bends down looking like a triangle
-3 domains (1 lone pair, 2 bonding groups)

38
Q

what structure has -3 domains (1 lone pair, two bonding groups)

A

Trigonal Planar, bent

39
Q

what is/are the molecular geometries for linear? Describe or draw what the skeletal lewis VSEPR lewis

A

there are none.
-straight across 180
-2 bonding groups

40
Q

what is/are the molecular geometries for Tetrahedral?

A

2 MGs
-Trigonal Pyramidal- <109.5
-Bent- <109.5

41
Q

Describe or draw what the skeletal lewis VSEPR lewis for Trigonal Pyramidal

A

4 e groups
3 bonding pairs
1 lone pair
-same drawing as tetrahedral

42
Q

What MG has 4 e groups, 2 bonding pairs, and 2 lone pairs? Hows the VSPER drawn?

A

-bent
-triangle done with line
-line and dash v above central

43
Q

what is/are the molecular geometries for trigonal bipyramidal? include the angles

A

3 types
-seesaw <120 (E) , <90(A)
-T shaped <90
-linear 180

44
Q

Describe a seesaw structure

A

5 e groups
4 bonding groups
1 lone pair
-same as trig byp structure w lone pair

45
Q

What GM has 5 e groups, 3 bonding groups, and 2 lone pairs

A

T shaped 90

46
Q

What GM has 5 e groups, 3 bonding groups, and 3 lone pairs

A

linear 180

47
Q

what is/are the molecular geometries for octahedral?

A

2 types
-square pyramidal <90
-sqaure planar 90

48
Q

What rules do you have for larger molecules with
VSPER structures?

A

-Draw lewis
-identify structures (centrals)
-identify domains/lone pairs around centrals
-draw VSPER

48
Q

what e, b, and lone pairs does sqaure pyramidal have

A

6 e
5 b
1 l

49
Q

what MG has 6e, 4 bonding, and 2 lone pairs

A

Square planar

50
Q

what does is mean if the vector sum is zero?

A

non-polar

51
Q

What is a dipole?

A

For molecules with multiple polar bonds, the molecular dipole moment
is the vector sum of all of the individual bond dipole moments

52
Q

what does it mean if the vector sum has a pull?

A

polar

53
Q

How do you find your dipole?

A

-based off electronegativity
-more electronegativity= more directional pull
-can use the chart as well

54
Q

what are the directions for electronegativity?

A

increases ——->
increases going up chart

55
Q

What else does organic chemistry contain?

A

-protein
-sugar
-alcohol
-gas

55
Q

Organic Chemistry

A

Carbon

56
Q

Chemistry of Carbon

A

Forms diverse array of molecules
forms long chains
forms single, double, triple bonds
-c-c and c-h are very stable

57
Q

what are organic molecules usually composed of

A

C,N, O, H

58
Q

what is the organic molecule pyramid

A

organic molecules
1. hydrocarbons 2.Other stuff
1.1 Aromatic (smell) 1.2 Aliphatic
1.2.1 Alkane (single bond) 1.2.2 Alkene (double bond) 1.2.3 Alkyne (triple)

59
Q

State the greek prefixes? why are these used in org chem?

A

Represents the # of C
1- meth
2-eth
3-prop
4-but
5-pent
6-hex
7-hept
8-oct
9-non
10-dec

60
Q

Ways to draw a molecule

A

Structural
Condensed
Skeletal

61
Q

What molecule structure is used for large structures

A

skeletal

62
Q

What molecule structure is used for most info but time consuming

A

structural

63
Q

What do bond like structures look like?

A

-no lone pairs
-don’t include H/C
-Functional groups=reactive

64
Q

What are the two basic categories of organic molecules? What are there terms

A

Aromatic- consisting on benzene like structures
Aliphatic- everything else (alkane, alkene, alkyne)
-both modified with functional groups to give character, site of chem reactivity

65
Q

Whats an alkane

A

-Saturated hydrocarbons
-single bond and sp3 hybridized
-can be straight, branched on cyclic

65
Q

Whats an Alkene

A

-unsaturated hydrocarbon
-double c bonds
-benzene w 3 lines in are AROMATIC

66
Q

Whats an Alkyne

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons
-triple bonds

66
Q

State all aromatic structures from highest to lowest priority (including aliphatic)

A

-Carboxylic acid
-ester
-amide
-aldehyde
-ketone
-alcohol
-amine
-alkene
-alkyne
-aromatic
-ether
-alkyl Halide
-alkyl

66
Q

whats an Alkyl Halide

A

alkanes with halogens
H(x)- F, Cl, Br, I etc
attached to r-X
-1,2,3 degree

67
Q

whats an amine

A

n analogue of alcohols (OH)
1,2,3 degree

67
Q

whats an amide

A

n analogue of carboxylic acids (o = c before N)
1,2,3 degree

68
Q

whats an alcohol

A

has OH Group
1,2,3, degree

69
Q

whats a Thiol

A

has SH Group
1,2,3, degree

70
Q

whats an ether

A

R-O-R structure
usually bent looking around O or S

71
Q

whats a thioether

A

R-S-R structure
usually bent looking around O or S

72
Q

Whats a aldehyde

A

contains carbonyls
C=o strongly polar
found in biomolecules
AT END WITH H

72
Q

whats a ketone

A

contains carbonyls
C=o strongly polar
found in biomolecules
in MIDDLE WITH C

73
Q

whats an ester

A

contains carbonyls (C=O)
next to oxygens
commonly used for artificial flavoring
MIDDLE (NO OH)

73
Q

Whats a carboxylic Acid

A

-contains carbonyls (C=O)
-next to oxygens
-Acidic
END (WITH OH)

74
Q

whats an isomer

A

Compounds with the same chemical formulas but different arrangement of atoms

75
Q

what are the three types of isomers

A

Structural, geometric, optical

75
Q

Compounds with the same chemical formulas but different arrangement of atoms are called what

A

isomers

76
Q

What branches are in stereoisomers

A

Geometric, optical

77
Q

Constitutional isomer

A

Atoms connected in a different order
-can use lewis

77
Q

Stereoisomer

A

Same connectivity but different arrangement in space
-VSPER needed to identify

77
Q

what are geometric and optical branched from?

A

stereoisomers

78
Q

Geometric

A

different spatial arrangements
-trans
-cis

79
Q

Optical

A

non-superimposable mirror image
-occurs in alkanes
-pair=enantiomers
-molecules with enantiomers= chiral
-C with 4 groups bound= chiral centre
THINK OF HANDS

80
Q

What are the formulas for alkane alkene alkyne

A

CnHn +2

CnHn

CnHn-2

Chem Quiz Two (9 decks)

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