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Organic and Biochemistry > Chem Chapter 28, 20, 21 > Flashcards

Chem Chapter 28, 20, 21 Flashcards

1
Q

A hormone that is involved in maintaining electrolyte balance in cells is classified as a(an)

mineralocorticoid.
receptor molecule.
glucocorticoid.
inhibitor.
sex hormone

A

mineralocorticoid

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2
Q

A hormone that is involved in mediating inflammation and in metabolism of simple carbohydrates is classified as a(an)

mineralocorticoid.
receptor molecule.
glucocorticoid.
inhibitor.
sex hormone

A

glucocorticoid

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3
Q

Chemical messengers deliver information by interacting with ________ in or at the target cell.

neurotransmitters
hormones
receptors
antibodies
antigens

A

receptors

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4
Q

Which type of hormone actually enters the target cell?

steroids
enzymes
zymogens
amino acid derivatives
peptides

A

steroids

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5
Q

Depression is known to be caused by a deficiency of

seratonin
norepinephrine
dopamine
all of the above

A

all of the above

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6
Q

A neurotransmitter that controls the perception of pain in the brain is

taurine
dopamine
histamine
enkephalin
GABA

A

enkephalin

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7
Q

Steroid hormones are chemically described as

-molecules containing a nucleus of four interconnected cyclic structures.
-polypeptides with a high degree of secondary and tertiary structure.
-molecules composed of three or more amino acids, but no secondary or tertiary structure.
-molecules whose structure is clearly related to an amino acid, usually tyrosine.
-large protein molecules which are directly involved in the regulation of chemical reactions.

A

molecules containing a nucleus of four interconnected cyclic structures.

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8
Q

The second messenger for the hormones epinephrine is
AMP
cyclic AMP
ADP
ATP
none of the above

A

cyclic AMP

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9
Q

Which of the following are true of steroid hormone signaling?

-It interacts with a cytoplasmic receptor inside the cell.
-It activates genes in the DNA of the nucleus.
-It is slow acting taking hours, days, or even years to get the outcome.
-A and B
-All of these are true.

A

All of these are true

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10
Q

Which of the following hormones acts directly rather than through a secondary messenger?

vasopressin
thyroxine
glucagon
epinephrine
estradiol

A

estradiol

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11
Q

Which type of steroids is mimicked by anabolic steroids?

testosterone
estrogen
norethindrone
progesterone

A

testosterone

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12
Q

Which statement(s) about hormones are correct?

-They are secreted by specific tissues.
-They act over short distances.
-They travel through the blood stream to the location of action.
-both A and B
-both A and C

A

both A and C

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13
Q

Which hormone is an example of an amino acid derivative?

antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
estrogen
cortisone
epinephrine
growth hormone (GH)

A

epinephrine

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14
Q

When epinephrine interacts with a cell, the step immediately following binding of the messenger with the receptor site is

-activation of adenylate cyclase.
-conversion of cyclic AMP to ATP.
-activation of a G protein in the cell membrane.
-conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP.
-production of GTP from GDP.

A

activation of a G protein in the cell membrane.

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15
Q

The hypothalamus gland communicates with other tissues by ________ and ________.

-direct release of hormones; indirect control through release of regulatory hormones
-direct neural control by release of transmitters; indirect control through release of regulatory hormones
-direct neural control by release of transmitters; direct release of hormones
-allosteric control of enzymes; direct neuronal control by release of transmitters
-none of these

A

direct release of hormones; indirect control through release of regulatory hormones

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16
Q

A chemical messenger that travels to a target cell transmitting a nerve impulse is called a(n)

neurotransmitter
biotransmitter
electrolyte
hormone
receptor

A

neurotransmitter

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17
Q

Estrogens are a specific type of steroid whose function is to

-regulate the sodium/potassium balance in cellular fluids.
-maintain pregnancy.
-regulate glucose metabolism.
-promote development of secondary female sex characteristics.
-promote development of secondary male sex characteristics.

A

promote development of secondary female sex characteristics.

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18
Q

Which of the following hormones are involved in counteracting inflammation?

epinephrine
cortisone
testosterone
vasopressin
estrogen

A

cortisone

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19
Q

The major chemical structures of hormones include

-steroids, polypeptides, and amino acid derivatives.
-only molecules containing amine groups.
-steroids, amino acid derivatives, and esters.
-only steroids.
-polysaccharides, esters, and steroids

A

steroids, polypeptides, and amino acid derivatives.

20
Q

The two systems responsible for regulating the huge number of chemical processes in the human body are the ________ and ________ systems.

-digestive; endocrine
-nervous; endocrine
-reproductive; endocrine
-circulatory; digestive
-nervous; digestive

A

nervous; endocrine

21
Q

Which descriptions are true of hormones?
I. produced by the nervous system
II. transported in the blood stream
III. interact with any cell having the appropriate receptor
IV. act within 1 second or less after release
V. effects may last several hours or days

-II, III, V
-I and IV
-I, III, V
-I, II, III
-none of these

A

II, III, V

22
Q

A metabolic pathway in which a series of steps, each using different enzymes, regenerates one of the early reactants, is a(an) ________ pathway.

anabolic
catabolic
linear
spiral
cyclic

A

cyclic

23
Q

Which of the following is common to the structures of NAD+, and FAD?

AMP
nicotinamide
ATP
nicotinic acid
ADP

A

ADP

24
Q

The synthesis of ATP from ADP and monohydrogen phosphate ________ 7 kcal/mol of energy and is an ________ reaction.

-consumes; exergonic
-consumes; endergonic
-releases; exergonic
-releases; endergonic
-None of these are correct.

A

consumes; endergonic

25
Q

The electrons brought into the electron transport chain are transferred in the following order of

-complex I; complex III; CoQ; cytochrome c; complex IV.
-complex I; complex III; cytochrome c; CoQ; complex IV.
-CoQ; cytochrome c; complex IV, complex I; complex III.
-complex I; CoQ; complex III; cytochrome c; complex IV.
-cytochrome c; CoQ; complex I; complex III; complex IV.

A

omplex I; CoQ; complex III; cytochrome c; complex IV.

26
Q

The process by which the cell produces ATP in the mitochondria is called

-substrate-level phosphorylation.
-electron transport.
-oxidative phosphorylation.
-hydrolysis.

A

oxidative phosphorylation.

27
Q

The driving force which provides the energy for synthesis of ATP in the fourth stage of metabolism is the

-exergonic conversion of ADP to ATP.
-energy difference between reduced carbon atoms and oxidized carbon atoms.
-concentration difference in oxygen between the cell and the intercellular fluid.
-concentration gradient of hydrogen ions between the two sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
-none of the above

A

concentration gradient of hydrogen ions between the two sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

28
Q

In the first step of the citric acid cycle, acetyl-CoA reacts with ________ to produce ________, which is isomerized to ________ in the second step.

-oxaloacetate; isocitrate; citrate
-aconitase; isocitrate; citrate
-oxaloacetate; citrate; isocitrate
-succinate; fumarate; malate
-succinate; malate; fumarate

A

oxaloacetate; citrate; isocitrate

29
Q

Which of the following statements about free radicals is incorrect?

-B vitamins provide protection from their harmful effects.
-They can disrupt covalent bonds in biomolecules.
-Their unpaired electron makes them extremely reactive.
-They are a by-product of oxygen-consuming redox reactions.
-Superoxide catalase is one of the specific enzymes that can provide protection from their harmful effects

A

B vitamins provide protection from their harmful effects.

30
Q

The fourth stage of metabolism, in which the high energy molecules from stage three (NADH and FADH2) are oxidized to produce ATP is referred to as

-the electron transport chain.
-active transport.
-glycolysis.
-reductive phosphorylation.
-the Krebs cycle.

A

the electron transport chain.

31
Q

The abbreviation ATP stands for

-anabolic triple phosphate.
-alanine triphosphate.
-adenosine tetraphosphate.
-adenine + three phosphates.
-adenosine triphosphate

A

adenosine triphosphate

32
Q

The common molecule produced from all foods at the second stage of catabolism is

-carbon dioxide.
-citric acid.
-acetyl-CoA.
-ADP.
-glucose.

A

acetyl-CoA.

33
Q

A spiral metabolic sequence can best be described as one in which

-a series of reactions regenerates the initial reactant.
-the various reactions have virtually no connection to one another.
-the same set of enzymes catalyses the same reaction in both the forward and reverse directions.
-the product of the first reaction is the starting material for the next reaction, and so on.
-the same set of enzymes progressively builds up or breaks down a molecule.

A

the same set of enzymes progressively builds up or breaks down a molecule.

34
Q

Metabolism is composed of which process(es)?

anabolism
catabolism
oncologism
both A and B
both B and C

A

both A and B

35
Q

The cellular organelle associated with energy production is the

-mitochondrion.
-nucleus.
-Golgi apparatus.
-endoplasmic reticulum.
-lysosome.

A

mitochondrion.

36
Q

Which group of compounds includes only low-energy molecules?

ADP; CO2; NAD+; FAD
ATP; CO2; NADH; FADH2
ADP; acetyl-CoA; NAD+; FAD
ADP; CO2; NADH; FADH2
ATP; acetyl-CoA; NADH; FADH2

A

ADP; CO2; NAD+; FAD

37
Q

In a pair of coupled reactions, if the favorable reaction releases more energy than the amount required by the unfavorable reaction, the excess energy is

-used to produce reduced coenzymes.
-released as heat and used to maintain body temperature.
-used by the unfavorable reaction to create more products than normally expected.
-converted to high energy ATP.
-reabsorbed by the favorable reaction to be used later.

A

released as heat and used to maintain body temperature.

38
Q

How many ATP molecules are formed for each NADH molecule brought into complex I?

1
2
3
4
5

A

3

39
Q

Which statement concerning coenzymes and redox reactions is incorrect?

-Oxidation can be considered as loss of hydrogen or gain of oxygen.
-An oxidation reaction cannot occur unless a reduction reaction also occurs.
-NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH.
-Reduction can be considered as gain of hydrogen or loss of oxygen.
-FAD is the reduced form of FADH2

A

FAD is the reduced form of FADH2

40
Q

Which of the following is not true of NAD+ and FAD?

-They donate electrons to the electron transport system.
-These molecules when present in the reduced state are used to produce ATP.
-The reduced form of FAD has more energy than the reduced form of NAD+.
-They both contain two nucleosides.

A

They donate electrons to the electron transport system.

41
Q

The ultimate source of energy for all but a very few biochemical reactions is

the sun
ATP
lipids
carbohydrates
hydrocarbon

A

the sun

42
Q

Which of the following reactions is the least energetic?

ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi
AMP + H2O → Adenosine + Pi
ADP + H2O → AMP + Pi
ATP + H2O → AMP + PPi
All give off the same amount of energy.

A

AMP + H2O → Adenosine + Pi

43
Q

The biochemical process in which simple molecules are combined to make larger ones and energy is consumed is referred to as

catabolism
metabolism
respiration
anabolism
digestion

A

anabolism

44
Q

How many ATP molecules are formed for each FADH2 molecule brought into complex II?

1
2
3
4
5

A

2

45
Q

Photosynthesis is an ________ process because the free energy of the products is ________ the free energy of the reactants.

-exergonic; greater than
-equilibrium; the same as
-endergonic; greater than
-exergonic; less than
-endergonic; less than

A

endergonic; greater than

46
Q

Harmful byproducts of biochemical oxidation include

-vitamins A, C, and E.
-coenzyme Q.
-superoxide ions and hydroxyl free radicals.
-superoxide dismutase and catalase.
-ATP.

A

superoxide ions and hydroxyl free radicals.

Organic and Biochemistry (8 decks)

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