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science > chem - basics, alkali and alkaline earth metals, halogens and nobles gases, electron configuration > Flashcards

chem - basics, alkali and alkaline earth metals, halogens and nobles gases, electron configuration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is mass

A

Amount of matter made up of particles

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2
Q

What is volume

A

Amount of space taken up by a substance

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3
Q

What is matter made of

A

Atoms

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4
Q

What are physical properties

A

Characteristics that describe appearance

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5
Q

What are chemical properties

A

How a substance reacts with other substances

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6
Q

What are atoms composed of

A

Subatomic particles. Protons neutrons and electrons

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7
Q

Where are protons and neutrons located in an atom

A

Nucleus Center of atom

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8
Q

How do electrons behave in an atom

A

Move rapidly to form an electron cloud around the nucleus

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9
Q

What is the mass comparison between protons and electrons?

A

An electron is 1,800 times lighter than a proton.

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10
Q

What charge does an electron have?

A

Negative charge.

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11
Q

What is the relationship between protons and electrons?

A

Their charges balance to form a neutral atom.

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12
Q

What defines a pure substance?

A

Made up of identical particles.

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13
Q

What is an element?

A

A pure substance made up of one type of atom that cannot be broken down.

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14
Q

Define an atom.

A

The smallest unit of mass, consisting of a nucleus and electrons.

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15
Q

What is the arrangement of the periodic table?

A

Periods go across, groups go down, with lighter elements at the top.

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16
Q

How do shells change in the periodic table?

A

Shells increase as you go across periods.

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17
Q

What do elements in the same group have in common?

A

They have the same number of valence electrons.

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18
Q

Group 1 elements are called what?

A

Alkali metals (e.g., lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium)

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19
Q

How many valence electrons do Group 1 elements have?

A

1

20
Q

What happens when Group 1 metals react with water?

A

They produce hydrogen gas and an alkaline solution (metal hydroxide).

21
Q

Physical properties of Group 1 metals:

A

Soft, higher density, lower melting and boiling points as you move down the group.

22
Q

Group 1 Chemical reaction with water

A

Element + Water = Hydrogen Gas (H2g) and Hydrogen Oxide with complementary metal (OH) e.g.
2Li+2H 2O→2LiOH+H 2 (g)

23
Q

Reaction of sodium with water:

A

Sodium reacts vigorously, producing sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

24
Q

Reaction of potassium with water:

A

Potassium reacts explosively, producing potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

25
Q

What are the elements in Group 2 (Alkaline Earth Metals)?

A

Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Radium (Ra).

26
Q

How many valence electrons do alkaline earth metals have?

A

They have 2 valence electrons and typically form +2 ions (except beryllium).

27
Q

How does reactivity change as you move down Group 2?

A

Reactivity increases down the group.

28
Q

What are the physical properties of alkaline earth metals?

A

They are soft, denser than alkali metals, and their melting and boiling points decrease down the group.

29
Q

How is magnesium stored, and why?

A

Magnesium is stored in a dry place (not oil) because it reacts with moisture.

30
Q

What do alkaline earth metals form when they react with oxygen?

A

They form metal oxides. e.g. (Mg + 02g = Mg0)

31
Q

Do Alkaline Earth metals sink or stay afloat in water

A

Sink, opposite of alkali metals

32
Q

What are the elements in Group 17 (Halogens)?

A

Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I), Astatine (At).

33
Q

How many valence electrons do halogens have?

A

They have 7 valence electrons and can form -1 ions.

34
Q

How does reactivity change as you move down Group 17?

A

Reactivity decreases down the group. More electrons, more stable

35
Q

What are the physical states of halogens at room temperature?

A

Fluorine (gas, yellow), Chlorine (gas, green), Bromine (liquid, red-brown), Iodine (solid, purple vapor), Astatine (solid, black).

36
Q

What do halogens form when they react with metals and hydrogen?

A

They form metal halides and hydrogen halides, respectively.
halogens + metal = metal halides
halogens + hydrogen gas
= hydrogen halides very exothermic

37
Q

What are the elements in Group 18 (Noble Gases)?

A

Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe), Radon (Rn).

38
Q

Why are noble gases considered inert?

A

They have full valence shells (8 electrons, except helium which has 2), making them very stable.

39
Q

How do the boiling points of noble gases change?

A

Boiling and melting points increase down the group due to increasing atomic size and electron density.

40
Q

What are some practical uses of noble gases?

A

Helium (balloons), Neon (neon signs), Argon (light bulbs), Krypton (insulation), Xenon (car manufacturing), Radon (radiotherapy).

41
Q

What is the atomic structure basics?

A

Atomic number whole number = number of protons (= electrons). Atomic mass, decimal = number of protons + neutrons. in nucleus

42
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons in each electron shell?

A

1st shell: 2, 2nd shell: 8, 3rd shell: 8 (can hold up to 18 in transition metals).

43
Q

What are catalysts?

A

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction or lowers the temperature or pressure needed to start one without getting consumed

44
Q

what are isotopes?

A

atoms with the same element and protons but different neutron amount, so atomic mass changes.

45
Q

ionic charge of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens

A

group 1 : +1 ion
group 2 : +2 ion
group 7 : -1 ion

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