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o chem > Chem 3 > Flashcards

Chem 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Write the differences between the inductive effect and the field effect.

A

Inductive effect is polarization through sigma bond.
Field effect is polarization through space.

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2
Q

+I groups

A

NH4+ (Ammonium group)
H3O+ (Hydronium group)
C2H3+ (Vinyl group)
CH3+ (Methyl group)
C3H5+ (Allyl group)

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3
Q

-I group

A

NH2- (Amino group)
OH- (Hydroxyl group)
CHO- (Carbonyl group)
NO2- (Nitro group)
HSO3- (Sulfonic group)

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4
Q

Arrange the relative strength of the following factors on a molecules acidity: Resonance, Atomic radius, Electronegativity, and Inductive effect.

A

Inductive effect, Electronegativity,
Atomic radius,
Resonance

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5
Q

The formal charge on nitrogen and oxygen in NO+ is:

A

0 and +1

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6
Q

Non-superimposable stereoisomers, which are mirror images of each other, are known as _________.

A

Enatiomers

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7
Q

Non-superimposable stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other, are known as ____________

A

Diastereomers

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8
Q

Diastereoisomers are possible only when the molecule contains more than ______ chiral center.

A

One

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9
Q

E / Z alkene isomers are known as ______________________

A

Geometric isomers

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10
Q

The structure of the molecule, (Z)-3-ethyl-2-pentene-4-yne, is ________

A

Trans

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11
Q

Molecules (or objects) that possess a mirror plane of symmetry, are superimposable on their mirror image, are termed as ___________

A

Achiral

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12
Q

A molecule containing carbon with four different groups results in a _______ molecule, and the carbon is referred to as a __________ center

A

chiral ; stereogenic

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13
Q

Molecules enriched in an enantiomer will rotate plane-polarized light and are said to be __________ active

A

Optically

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14
Q

The optical rotation depends upon the substance, concentration, path length through the sample, and _______________ of light

A

Wavelength

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15
Q

A polarimeter measures the rotation of _____________ light that has passed through a solution.

A

Plane-polarized

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16
Q

Plane polarized light is the light that oscillates in only one plane;when it passes through, the solution of an achiral compound remains in that plane, and the optical rotation is _____________

A

Optically inactive

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17
Q

Solutions of chiral compounds rotate plane-polarized light, and the molecules are said to be _____________ active.

A

Optically

18
Q

Enantiomers will rotate plane-polarized light of the same magnitude (a) but in __________ directions.

A

Opposite

19
Q

The specific rotation is a ____________ of a chiral molecule

A

Physical constant

20
Q

If ______________ exists between two chiral conformers, the molecule is not chiral.

A

Equilibrium

21
Q

The maximum number of possible stereoisomers of D-(+)-glucose is?

A

16

22
Q

Maximum number of possible stereoisomers and stereocenters of cholesterol is?

A

256

23
Q

What is optical resolution?

A

The separation of racemic compounds into enantomers.

24
Q

What is racemate?

A

When enantomers in a compound are equal.

25
Q

According to the R-S convention, which priority is correct for the following sets of functional groups/atoms?

A

Cl > NH2 > CH3 > H

26
Q

Which of the following groups has the highest priority for assigning R-S absolute configuration?

A

(CH3) 3C-

27
Q

Trivalent nitrogen is ______, does not exhibit chirality because of rapid_______.

A

tetrahedral ; flipping

28
Q

Trivalent phosphorus is ______, exhibits chirality because of slow_______.

A

tetrahedral ; flipping

29
Q

A molecule that is ________ but that can become chiral by a ______ alteration is a prochiral molecule.

A

achiral ; single

30
Q

Re and Si are used to describe the _______ of the _______ sp2 reactant.

A

faces ; prochiral

31
Q

SN-1 reactions show first-order kinetics because?

A

The rate-determining step involves only one molecule

32
Q

Treatment of (S)-2-bromobutane with sodium hydroxide results in the production of a compound with an (R) configuration. The reaction has most likely taken place through?

A

SN-2

33
Q

Which statement is true for SN2 reactions?

A

Displacement occurs with inversion of configuration

34
Q

Which of the following is a polar aprotic solvent?

A

CH3CN
(CH3) 2S=O

35
Q

The SN2 mechanism for nucleophilic substitution reactions

A

Involves one step and occurs with inversion of configuration

36
Q

When 1-bromobutane is reacted with the bulky base, potassium t-butoxide, in t-butyl alcohol, the major elimination product is:

A

1-butene

37
Q

Antiperiplanar geometry is usually preferred for _________ reaction.

A

E2

38
Q

For primary alkyl halides ________ is favored with most nucleophiles, but _________ is favored with bulky bases like tbutoxide.

A

SN2 ; E2

39
Q

Inductive effect is a ___________ effect, whereas the electrometric effect is a ___________ effect

A

Permanent, temporary

40
Q

The ___________ of chemical bonds never releases energy to the external environment. Energy is only released when chemical bonds are _________.

A

Breaking, formed

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