chem 2 Flashcards
monoprotic acids
- HNO3
- HCl
- HBr
- HI
- HCOOH
- CH3COOH
- CF3COOH
diprotic acid
H2SO4
triprotic acid
H3PO4
Range of the acidity constant, Ka?
(least) 10^-60 to 10^15 (most)
pKa of water?
15.74
[H+] > [OH-]
acidic
[H+] < [OH-]
basic
pH =
- log [H3O+]
pH + pOH =
14
Boron trifluoride-etherate is considered?
Lewis base
The transition metal salts such as TiCl4, FeCl3, ZnCl2, and SnCl4 are?
Lewis acid
Acetone, Acetaldehyde, Ethyl alcohol, Acetic acid, Acetyl chloride, and Acetamide are all?
Lewis base
The coordination of water with metal ions is a __________ acid-base reaction.
Complex
The formation of hydronium ion is a _________ acid-base reaction.
Arrhenius
The interaction of Fe2+ in heme with O2 is a _________ acid-base reaction.
Lewis
Arrange the following acids from least acidic to most: HF, HBr, HI, HCl
HI, HBr, HCl, HF
Arrange the following acids from most acidic to least: Hypoiodous acid, Hypobromous acid, and Hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous acid > Hypobromous acid > Hypoiodous acid
Why is CH3COOH a stronger acid than HOH?
CH3COOH is more stable and has a strong conjugate acid
Arrange the acidity: resonance, electronegativity, inductive effect, and atomic radius
resonance > atomic radius > electronegativity > inductive effect
What is the difference between inductive effect and field effect?
inductive effect is the polarization between sigma bonds while
field effect is polarization through space.
Why is benzoic acid a stronger acid than acetic acid?
benzoic acid creates a more stable conjugate base.
Electromeric effect is seen in _____pi system whereas resonance effect is seen in ______ pi system.
Unconjugated, Conjugated
Hyperconjugation is also known as?
no-bond resonance
What is the IUPAC name of Isobutane?
2-Methylpropane
Isopropulamine and propylamine are ____ isomers
positional
H-H (eclipsed) torsional strain is
4 kJ/mol
H-CH3 (eclipsed) torsional strain is
6 kJ/mol
CH3-CH3 (eclipsed) torsional strain is
11 kJ/mol
CH3-CH3 (gauche) torsional strain is
3.8 kJ/mol
Bayer’s theory was incorrect because?
he ignored the torsional strength and assumed they were all flat.
Cyclobutane all C-H bonds are?
eclipsed
_________ ring looks like an envelope
cyclopentane
n-Butane and isobutane are ___ isomers whereas ethyl alcohol and dimethyl ether are ___ isomers
structural, functional
In cyclobutane, the bend __________ angle strain but _________ torsional strain
increases, decreases
What do you mean by flipping the cyclohexane ring?
the exchange of axial and equatorial positions caused by an inter converted chair conformation.
in general, equatorial positions give more _________ isomer.
stable
Because of the flipping of a cyclohexane ring, the ________ hydrogens become ________ and the ________ hydrogens become __________.
axial, equatorial, equatorial, axial
Methanesulfonic acid (pKa = 1.2) is stronger than acetic acid (pKa = 4.74) - explain.
the acetate ion shares a negative charge with 2 oxygen atoms and the methanesulfonic ion with 3 oxygen atoms.
resonance effect
delocalization of pairs of more than 2 atoms. requires conjugation and coplanarity.
Arrange in order to increasing inductive effect: (CH3)3C- , (CH3)2CH- , -C2H5 , -CH3
(CH3)3C- , (CH3)2CH- , -C2H5 , -CH3
Write the postulates of Baeyer’s Strain Theory.
- all cycloalkanes are co-planar
- the deviation of bond angle from the normal tetrahedral angle is called angle strain.
- the greater the angle strain, the greater the instability of the ring.
- the higher stability of the ring, the easier its formation.
How many types of strains are possible in a molecule for angular, torsional, and steric strain? Explain.
3 types:
~angular- expansion/compression of bond angles away from the preferred 109.5 degree
~torsional- eclipsing of bonds on neighboring atoms
~steric strain- repulsive interactions between nonbonded atoms in close proximity.
Monobasic
LiOH
NaOH
KOH
Dibasic
Ca(OH)2
Sr(OH)2
Mg(OH)2
Ba(OH)2
Tribasic
Al(OH)3
Ga(OH)3
In(OH)3
