chem Flashcards
it tells
how many molecular weights of solute are dissolved in
each “Liter” of solution
) Molar (M)
In the clinical laboratory, “water” always refers to
distilled water
contains more than the maximum amount
of solute that can be dissolved at that temperature
Supersaturated Solution
how much solute is dissolved
in one hundred parts (usually 100 ml) of the solution
Percent solutions
s a homogeneous part of a system separated
from other parts by physical boundaries.
Phase
material containing two or more substances
Mixture
the molecules or ions are so small (less
than 1 nm) that they cannot be seen and will remain
dispersed in the liquid
a true solution
When water is the solvent we say it is an
aqueous solution
Particular kind of matter with fixed
composition ,may be present in different states or phases
Substance
the solvents has only a small quantity of solute
dissolved in it
Dilute solution
The dissolving substance
solvent
………………… gives a liquid fluidity and causes it to take……………… in which it is stored.
Particle mobility, the shape of the container
it tells how many
equivalent weights of solute are dissolved in a “Liter” of
solution.
Normal (N)
The solvent has a large quantity of solute
dissolved in it
Concentrated solution
discrete, tiny, fundamental particles
atoms
The substance being dissolved in the solvent
solute
is anything that has mass and occupies space.
matter
This tells how many molecular weights of solute per Kg of
solvent.
Molal ( m )
It is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances
Solution
contains the maximum amount of solute that will
dissolve at that temperature.
Saturated solution
The elements were first arranged in this way in 1869 by ……………………, a Russian scientist.
Dimitri
Mendeleev
each box there is the symbol for the element
and, above it, a number called the
atomic number.
The elements in the modern periodic table are arranged in
order of increasing …………………
atomic number.
atoms of an element must be capable of
having ………….numbers of
neutrons
varying
electrons enter orbitals of equal energy singly
with the same spin before they become paired
Hund’s rule
Two atoms with the same atomic number but
different atomic weights will be
isotopes
It shows all the chemical elements and contains a great deal
of useful information about them
periodic table
there are three kinds of hydrogen atoms
hydrogen deuterium tritium
l. The arrows denote the
property of ………….
spin
the ………….. forces will attempt to keep each electrons as close to the nucleus as possible.
there is a ……………..force operating between the two like charged ( - ) electrons.
attractive, repulsive
why atoms have more empty
spaces
Because of the spaces between electrons
and the nucleus
A number is given below the symbol of the element.
atomic weight (atomic mass)
is the body of matter under consideration.
System
Mendeleev arranged the elements in this way because of …………………..of various “families” of
elements.
similarities in the chemical properties
Mendeleev and Meyer arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic number………….. from left to right and so that the elements that reacted similarly were in the same ………………,
horizontally, vertical columns
Mendeleev predicted the existence of
undiscovered elements based on the observation of ………………….
periodicity
the metals shown
in the center of the periodic table. the inner levels are not always
completely filled, they are
transition metals non representative B
Group elements.
Elements of similar properties are repeated …………….
periodically
Electrons in the outermost level
valence
specific patterns that are present in the periodic
table illustrating different properties of elements.
Trends
the amount of energy needed to remove one electron
from each of the atoms in a gaseous sample.
Ionization energy
It is the radius of the atom (distance between the
center of nucleus and the outermost energy level electrons)
Atomic size
Relation between
Ionization energy
and atomic size is………………..
inversely
: It is the ability of an atom to attract bonding pair
of electrons.
Electronegativity
teasures the difference in electronegativity between two
atoms bonded with covalent bond.
Dipole Moments
substance changes in appearance
but remains the same substance (by applying or removing
heat)
Physical change:
A change that produces a new substance
Chemical change
s the force that holds elements together in
compounds.
Chemical bond:
Other elements strive to achieve eight valence
electrons
rule of octet rule
eigh
gaining electrons
reduction
losing electrons
oxidation
Energy and matter cannot be created or
destroyed, they can only be transformed
or changed from one form to another.
Law of conservation
of energy and matte
Ionic compounds form through………………..
electron transfer
Simple ions are also called ……………………….
monoatomic ions,
Ionic compounds are so named
because they are
combinations of ions.
a charged species made
from many atoms.
polyatomic ion
hen two or more nonmetals combine to form a molecule, no
electron transfer takes place
COVALENT BOND
Certain elements (e.g. H2, O2, N2 and halogens) exist as…………………………. rather than individual atoms by sharing
their electrons in order to achieve a noble-gas
configuration
diatomic molecules
The valence electrons not involved in bonding
nonbonding electrons or unshared pairs
The bond formed when two electrons occupy such a molecular orbital
is known as
Sigma bond
