Chem 121 - Unit 1 Flashcards by Katrina Marks

What are the 7 diatomic elements?

Bromine, Iodine, Nitrogen, Chlorine, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Fluorine

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What is a molecular formula?

Gives the true or actual number of the atoms in a molecule

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What is an empirical formula?

Gives the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms (most common for ionic)

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What is a structural formula?

Gives the number of atoms and the bonds between them

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What are intensive properties?

Properties that are independent of the amount of the substance that is present
Ex: Density, boiling point, etc.

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What are extensive properties?

Properties that depend upon the amount of the substance present.
Ex: Mass, volume, energy, etc.

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What are physical properties?

Properties that can be observed without changing a substance into another substance
Ex: Hardness, color, electrical conductivity, etc.

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What are chemical properties?

Properties that can only be observed when a substance is changed into another substance.
Ex: Flammability, corrosiveness, etc.

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What are physical changes?

These are changes in matter that do not change the composition of a substance.
Ex: changes of state, temperature, volume, etc

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What are chemical changes?

Chemical changes result in new substances.

Ex: combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.

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What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy is neither created nor destroyed.

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What is the scientific method?

The process used by scientists to explain observations in nature

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What is a natural law?

A natural law is a simple statement describing basic facts or relationships of nature

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What is a hypothesis?

A hypothesis is a speculative guess which leads to experiment

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What is a theory?

a theory is an explanation of the general principles of certain phenomena with considerable evidence of facts to support it

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What are the SI prefixes in order from largest to smallest?

Kilo
Hecto
Deka
Main unit
Deci
Centi
Milli
Micro
Nano
Pico

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What is temperature?

A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample

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What is the Kelvin to Celsius conversion?

K = C + 273.15

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What is heat?

A measure of the quantity of energy due to molecular motion (or energy that flows between objects that are at different temps

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What is the difference between accuracy and precision?

Accuracy refers to the proximity of a measurement to the “true value” of a quantity, and precision refers to the proximity of several measurements to each other

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What is the first law of chemical change?

Law of Conservation of Mass: The total mass

of substances does not change during a chemical reaction

What is the law of conservation of mass?

Mass remains constant during a chemical reaction

What is the second law of chemical change?

Law of Definite (or Constant) Composition: The elemental composition of a pure compound is always the same

What is the Law of Definite (or Constant) Composition?

The elemental composition of a pure compound is always the same

Who discovered the law of conservation of mass?

Antoine Lavoisier

What is the law of multiple proportions?

If elements A and B react to form more than one compound, the different masses of element B that combine with a fixed mass of element A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers (integers).

Who first stated the law of multiple proportions?

John Dalton

Who proposed the atomic theory?

John Dalton

Describe J.J. Thompson’s contribution.

Measured cathode rays, plum pudding model

What is a cathode?

A negative electrode (actually discovered to be electrons)

What did Robert Millikan do?

Determined charge of electrons through Millikan-Oil Drop Experiment

Who discovered radioactivity?

Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie named it

What is radioactivity?

The spontaneous emission of radiation by an atom

Who discovered the nucleus?

Ernest Rutherford

What part of the atom carries the most mass?

Nucleus

Who discovered atomic mass?

Henry Moseley

Who discovered protons?

Ernest Rutherford

What is the atomic number?

The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus or to the number of electrons in a neutral atom

What is the mass number?

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

What is a nuclide?

a particular combination of protons and neutrons

What is an isotope?

nuclides with same number of protons

Who is Dmitiri Mendeleev?

Father of the Periodic Table

How are elements arranged in the periodic table?

By increasing atomic number left to right

What makes up ionic bonds?

A metal and nonmetal

What makes up covalent bonds?

Two nonmetals

What types of bonds are covalent bonds?

Shared electrons

What types of bonds are ionic bonds?

Electron transfer process

What are cations?

Cations are positive and are formed by elements on the left side of the periodic chart

What are anions?

Anions are negative and are formed by elements on the right side of the periodic chart.

What are the greek numerical prefixes (1-5)?

``` Mono Di Tri Tetra Penta ```

What are the greek numerical prefixes (6-10)?

``` Hexa Hepta Octa Nona Deca ```