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General Chemistry > Chem 121 - Unit 1 > Flashcards

Chem 121 - Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 7 diatomic elements?

A

Bromine, Iodine, Nitrogen, Chlorine, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Fluorine

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2
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

Gives the true or actual number of the atoms in a molecule

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3
Q

What is an empirical formula?

A

Gives the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms (most common for ionic)

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4
Q

What is a structural formula?

A

Gives the number of atoms and the bonds between them

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5
Q

What are intensive properties?

A

Properties that are independent of the amount of the substance that is present
Ex: Density, boiling point, etc.

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6
Q

What are extensive properties?

A

Properties that depend upon the amount of the substance present.
Ex: Mass, volume, energy, etc.

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7
Q

What are physical properties?

A

Properties that can be observed without changing a substance into another substance
Ex: Hardness, color, electrical conductivity, etc.

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8
Q

What are chemical properties?

A

Properties that can only be observed when a substance is changed into another substance.
Ex: Flammability, corrosiveness, etc.

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9
Q

What are physical changes?

A

These are changes in matter that do not change the composition of a substance.
Ex: changes of state, temperature, volume, etc

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10
Q

What are chemical changes?

A

Chemical changes result in new substances.

Ex: combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.

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11
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy is neither created nor destroyed.

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12
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

The process used by scientists to explain observations in nature

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13
Q

What is a natural law?

A

A natural law is a simple statement describing basic facts or relationships of nature

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14
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis is a speculative guess which leads to experiment

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15
Q

What is a theory?

A

a theory is an explanation of the general principles of certain phenomena with considerable evidence of facts to support it

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16
Q

What are the SI prefixes in order from largest to smallest?

A 
Kilo
Hecto
Deka
Main unit
Deci
Centi
Milli
Micro
Nano
Pico
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17
Q

What is temperature?

A

A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample

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18
Q

What is the Kelvin to Celsius conversion?

A

K = C + 273.15

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19
Q

What is heat?

A

A measure of the quantity of energy due to molecular motion (or energy that flows between objects that are at different temps

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20
Q

What is the difference between accuracy and precision?

A

Accuracy refers to the proximity of a measurement to the “true value” of a quantity, and precision refers to the proximity of several measurements to each other

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21
Q

What is the first law of chemical change?

A

Law of Conservation of Mass: The total mass

of substances does not change during a chemical reaction

22
Q

What is the law of conservation of mass?

A

Mass remains constant during a chemical reaction

23
Q

What is the second law of chemical change?

A

Law of Definite (or Constant) Composition: The elemental composition of a pure compound is always the same

24
Q

What is the Law of Definite (or Constant) Composition?

A

The elemental composition of a pure compound is always the same

25
Q

Who discovered the law of conservation of mass?

A

Antoine Lavoisier

26
Q

What is the law of multiple proportions?

A

If elements A and B react to form more than one compound, the different masses of element B that combine with a fixed mass of element A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers (integers).

27
Q

Who first stated the law of multiple proportions?

A

John Dalton

28
Q

Who proposed the atomic theory?

A

John Dalton

29
Q

Describe J.J. Thompson’s contribution.

A

Measured cathode rays, plum pudding model

30
Q

What is a cathode?

A

A negative electrode (actually discovered to be electrons)

31
Q

What did Robert Millikan do?

A

Determined charge of electrons through Millikan-Oil Drop Experiment

32
Q

Who discovered radioactivity?

A

Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie named it

33
Q

What is radioactivity?

A

The spontaneous emission of radiation by an atom

34
Q

Who discovered the nucleus?

A

Ernest Rutherford

35
Q

What part of the atom carries the most mass?

A

Nucleus

36
Q

Who discovered atomic mass?

A

Henry Moseley

37
Q

Who discovered protons?

A

Ernest Rutherford

38
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus or to the number of electrons in a neutral atom

39
Q

What is the mass number?

A

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

40
Q

What is a nuclide?

A

a particular combination of protons and neutrons

41
Q

What is an isotope?

A

nuclides with same number of protons

42
Q

Who is Dmitiri Mendeleev?

A

Father of the Periodic Table

43
Q

How are elements arranged in the periodic table?

A

By increasing atomic number left to right

44
Q

What makes up ionic bonds?

A

A metal and nonmetal

45
Q

What makes up covalent bonds?

A

Two nonmetals

46
Q

What types of bonds are covalent bonds?

A

Shared electrons

47
Q

What types of bonds are ionic bonds?

A

Electron transfer process

48
Q

What are cations?

A

Cations are positive and are formed by elements on the left side of the periodic chart

49
Q

What are anions?

A

Anions are negative and are formed by elements on the right side of the periodic chart.

50
Q

What are the greek numerical prefixes (1-5)?

A 
Mono
Di
Tri
Tetra
Penta
51
Q

What are the greek numerical prefixes (6-10)?

A 
Hexa
Hepta
Octa
Nona 
Deca

General Chemistry (7 decks)

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