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General Chemistry > 121 - Final Exam > Flashcards

121 - Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Define pure substance

A

A form of matter that always has a definite and constant composition

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2
Q

Define element

A

The simplest type of a substance with unique physical and chemical properties

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3
Q

Define molecule

A

A structure that consists of two or more atoms that are chemically (covalently) bonded together

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4
Q

Define compound

A

A substance composed of two or more elements which are chemically combined

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5
Q

How are an atom and molecule different?

A

Atoms are single units of substance, and molecules are the smallest stable unit.

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6
Q

Define chemical formula

A

Comprised of element symbols and numerical subscripts the type and number of each atom present

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7
Q

Define molecular formula

A

The true or actual number of atoms in the molecule

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8
Q

Define empirical formula

A

The simplest whole number ratio of the atoms

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9
Q

Define and give examples of physical properties

A

Properties that can be observed without changing the substance into another substance (color, density, conductivity, etc.)

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10
Q

Define and give examples of chemical properties

A

Properties that can only be observed by changing the substance into another substance (corrosiveness, flammability, etc)

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11
Q

Define intensive properties

A

Properties that are independent of the amount of substance

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12
Q

Define extensive properties

A

Properties that depend on the amount of substance being observed

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13
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy is neither created nor destroyed.

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14
Q

Who is the father of modern medicine?

A

German Paracelsus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim

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15
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

The process scientists use to explain observations in nature

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16
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. Observation
  2. Generalizations / laws
  3. Hypotheses / theories
  4. Predictions based on theories
  5. Experimentation
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17
Q

Can theories be proven true?

A

No, only supported / rejected (contradicted)

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18
Q

What is temperature by definition?

A

A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample

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19
Q

What is the conversion factor of F to C?

A

F = 9/5C + 32

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20
Q

What is heat?

A

A measure of the quantity of energy due to molecular motion

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21
Q

What is accuracy?

A

The proximity of a measurement to the “true” value of a quantity

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22
Q

What is precision?

A

The proximity of several measurements to each other

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23
Q

What is the law of conservation of mass?

A

The total mass of substances do not change in chemical reactions.

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24
Q

Who is the father of modern chemistry?

A

Antoine Lavoisier

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25
Q

What is the law of definite (or constant) composition?

A

The elemental composition of a pure substance is always the same. (First proposed by Joseph Proust)

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26
Q

What is the law of multiple proportions?

A

If elements A and B react to form more than one compound, the different masses of A that combined with a fixed mass of element B can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers.

27
Q

Who discovered the electron?

A

J.J. Thompson w/ cathode rays

28
Q

Who discovered the charge of electrons?

A

Robert Milikan w/ the oil drop experiment

29
Q

What model of the atom did J.J. Thompson propose?

A

“Plum pudding model”

All electrons are embedded in the jelly-like sphere of positively charged electricity.

30
Q

Who discovered radioactivity?

A

Henri Becquerel

31
Q

Who named radioactivity?

A

Marie Curie

32
Q

What is radioactivity?

A

The spontaneous emission of radiation by an atom.

33
Q

Who discovered the nature of radioactive emissions?

A

Ernest Rutherford

34
Q

Who discovered the nucleus?

A

Ernest Rutherford w/ the gold foil experiment

35
Q

Who discovered protons?

A

Rutherford (he also predicted neutrons)

36
Q

Who confirmed the presence of neutral particles in the nucleus?

A

James Chadwick

37
Q

Which weighs more, protons or neutrons?

A

They have about the same mass.

38
Q

Do electrons have mass?

A

Yes, but it’s so small we ignore it.

39
Q

Who arranged the first periodic table?

A

Henry Moseley

40
Q

What is an element’s atomic number?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus or the number of electrons in a neutral atom

41
Q

What is an element’s mass number?

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus

42
Q

Which varies - the amount of protons or neutrons?

A

Neutrons (elements always have the same number of protons)

43
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms of the same element that have different number of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers

44
Q

What are hydrates?

A

Molecules with a specific number of water molecules associated with each formula unit

45
Q

Who is the father of the periodic table?

A

Mendeleev

46
Q

What is the periodic law of the elements?

A

When elements are arranged in a particular order (increasing atomic number), elements of similar properties occur at periodic intervals

47
Q

What are columns in a periodic table?

A

Groups

48
Q

What are rows in a periodic table?

A

Periods

49
Q

How do ionic bonds form?

A

Bonds formed by charge structure

50
Q

How do covalent bonds form?

A

Bonds formed by shared electrons

51
Q

What is the oxidation number for an element?

A

0

52
Q

What is the oxidation number for a simple monatomic ion?

A

Equals its charge

53
Q

What should the sum of all neutral molecules be?

A

0

54
Q

What is H’s oxidation number?

A

1

55
Q

What is O’x oxidation number?

A

-2 (except in peroxides where it is -1)

56
Q

What is F’s oxidation number?

A

-1

57
Q

What are the main points of Dalton’s atomic theory?

A
  1. Each element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
  2. All atoms of a given element are identical, but the atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements.
  3. Atoms of one element cannot be changed into atoms of a different element by chemical reactions, and they are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.
  4. Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine, a given compound always has the same relative number and kind of atoms.
58
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

1.602 x 10^-19

59
Q

What are diatomic molecules?

A

Molecules made up of two atoms

60
Q

What happens in combination reactions?

A

Two or more substances react to form one product

61
Q

What happens in decomposition reaction?

A

A single reactant breaks apart to form two or more substances

62
Q

What are combustion reactions?

A

Rapid reactions that produce a flame, typically involving oxygen

63
Q

What is the formula weight of a compound?

A

The sum of the atomic weights (AW) of the atoms in the chemical formula of the substance
Also called the molecular weight

General Chemistry (7 decks)

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