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Fall Quarter 22-23 > CHE 001 - Intro to Gen Chem > Flashcards

CHE 001 - Intro to Gen Chem Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of solids?

A

definite volume and shape

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2
Q

characteristics of liquids?

A

definite volume, not shape, takes shape of container

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3
Q

characteristics of gases?

A

takes shape of container, completely fills container, no definite volume or shape

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4
Q

the verticals of the periodic table are called…

A

groups

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5
Q

the horizontals of the periodic table are called…

A

periods

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6
Q

group 1 is called…

A

alkali metals

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7
Q

group 2 is called…

A

alkaline earth metals

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8
Q

group 15 is called…

A

pnictogens

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9
Q

group 16 is called…

A

chalcogens

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10
Q

group 17 is called…

A

halogens

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11
Q

group 18 is called…

A

noble gases

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12
Q

characteristics of protons

A

+1 charge, 1u mass

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13
Q

characteristics of neutrons

A

0 charge, 1u mass

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14
Q

characteristics of electrons

A

1- charge, 0u mass

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15
Q

what is the earth’s crust mostly made up of?

A

mainly oxygen, silicon, iron, and alkali/alkaline earth metals

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16
Q

what is considered a physical property?

A

those that substance shows by itself (color, boiling point, density, etc.)

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17
Q

what is considered a chemical property?

A

those where the substance need other substances to undergo a change (flammability, corrosiveness, etc.)

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18
Q

what are the three pillars of sustainability?

A

social, economic, environmental

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19
Q

what is the social pillar of sustainability?

A

better quality of life for people

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20
Q

what is the environmental pillar of sustainability?

A

pollution prevention, natural resource use

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21
Q

what is the economic pillar of sustainability?

A

fair and efficient distribution of resources

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22
Q

what is cradle to cradle recycling?

A

a circular approach to resource use where there is sustainable manufacturing with materials that are perpetually able to be recycled

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23
Q

who controls rare metals?

A

china

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24
Q

what is the meniscus?

A

the curve of top of water

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25
Q

in measurement of volume, there is one BLANK measurement and one BLANK measurement

A

certain; uncertain

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26
Q

accuracy refers to…

A

how close the value is to the actual value

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27
Q

precision refers to…

A

how close the values you get are to each other

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28
Q

how does error affect significant figures?

A

the number of significant figures is all digits after zeros of error are subtracted from the value

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29
Q

what are fuels

A

any liquid, solid, or gas that can be combusted for heat or work

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30
Q

what are fossil fuels

A

decaying plant matter formed millions of years ago

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31
Q

what does partial decomposition with heat and pressure produce

A

coal and petroleum

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32
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

energy absorbed from the sun is transformed into glucose

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33
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2+6H2O+2800 kJ –> glucose+6O2

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34
Q

what does 2800 kJ stand for in the equation for photosynthesis?

A

the energy from the sun

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35
Q

from photosynthesis to metabolism, how does 2800 kJ transform?

A

it goes from reactant to product, but will never change

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36
Q

what are hydrocarbons made of?

A

carbons and hydrogens

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37
Q

the majority of fuels are…

A

hydrocarbons

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38
Q

how many bonds does carbon form in hydrocarbons and what does it tell us about structure?

A

four bonds, tells us how many hydrogens there are

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39
Q

what are the eight most important hydrocarbons?

A
  1. methane
  2. ethane
  3. propane
  4. butane
  5. pentane
  6. hexane
  7. heptane
  8. octane
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40
Q

what three components are needed for combustion?

A

fuel+oxidizer-heat->product

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41
Q

what is energy

A

the ability to do work

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42
Q

what is work

A

the movement against a force

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43
Q

when is it appropriate to replace acceleration with g

A

when it is vertical movement

44
Q

from the top to bottom of a waterfall, how does the energy formula change

A

the TE is the same, but PE will differ. KE cannot be truly manipulated

45
Q

def of temperature on macroscopic level

A

measure of hotness/coldness

46
Q

def of temperature on a microscopic level

A

average kinetic energy of the atoms and/or molecules

47
Q

def of heat on macroscopic level

A

energy that flows from hotter to colder object

48
Q

def of heat on microscopic level

A

the total kinetic energy of the atoms and/or molecules

49
Q

how do you prevent heat/sound transfer?

A

create a perfect vacuum

50
Q

1 J can raise BLANK grams BLANK meter against force of BLANK

A

100, 1, gravity

51
Q

1 cal can raise the temperature of BLANK gram of water by BLANK

A

1, 1 degree Celsius

52
Q

1 cal is equal to BLANK Cal

A

1000

53
Q

1 cal is equal to BLANK J

A

4.184

54
Q

from top to bottom, what are the layers of the atmosphere?

A

mesosphere, stratosphere, and troposphere

55
Q

where is the ozone layer?

A

stratosphere

56
Q

in the troposphere, temperature BLANK as altitude BLANK

A

decreases, increases

57
Q

air density BLANK as air pressure BLANK

A

increases, increases

58
Q

why does air density decreases as altitude increases?

A

at higher altitudes, there is not as much gravity, so the density of air molecules is smaller

59
Q

the troposphere is about BLANK km tall

A

11

60
Q

why do planes prefer to fly at high altitudes?

A

there is less air density, which reduces air resistance/pressure (uses less fuel)

61
Q

in the stratosphere, temperature BLANK slowly as altitude BLANK

A

increases, increases

62
Q

why are temperature changes in the stratosphere less extreme than the troposphere?

A

there is less difference in air pressure in the stratosphere (less density, less collision, etc.)

63
Q

is hot air less dense?

A

yes, it takes up more volume but is less dense

64
Q

traveling to the mesosphere requires…

A

oxygen

65
Q

if there is more atmospheric pressure, the boiling point is…

A

higher

66
Q

is the macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic view of a chemical different

A

no, they are the same thing from different perspectives/scales

67
Q

what is air mostly made up of?

A

nitrogen, oxygen, argon, CO2, other gases

68
Q

what is an example of parts per hundred/percent?

A

21 molecules out of 100 means there is 21% of that molecule in the population

69
Q

what is an example of parts per million (ppm)

A

0.4 ppm means there is 0.4 of a molecule per 1 million of the total population

70
Q

how do you convert parts of hundred to parts to thousand? million?

A

scale up the same way
ex: 21 per 100 = 210 per 1000, 210,000 per mill
(how many more zero’s does the conversion require from zero? multiply that to the percentage)

71
Q

how do you convert parts per million to thousand? hundred?

A

scale down the same way
ex: 210,000 parts per million = 210 parts per thousand, 21 per hundred
(how many zero’s are you taking away, divide the percentage by that)

72
Q

from % to ppm, move decimal to the…

A

right

73
Q

from ppm to %, move decimal to the…

A

left

74
Q

ionic is made of a BLANK and a BLANK and has a BLANK charge

A

metal, nonmetal, neutral

75
Q

covalent is made up of a BLANK and a BLANK and can be BLANK or BLANK

A

nonmetal, nonmetal, polar, nonpolar

76
Q

characteristics of metals:

A
  1. malleable/ductile
  2. conductive
  3. tends to have luster
  4. solids at room temperature
77
Q

how do you name covalent compounds?

A

use prefixes, use -ide, use Latin numbers

78
Q

how do you name ionic compounds?

A

use cation first, use the name of the cation then the second element with -ide

79
Q

from left to right, what are the general charges of the groups?

A

1+, 2+, 3+, 4+, 3-, 2-, 1-, 0

80
Q

what is air inversion?

A

density difference between hot and cold air traps cold air under hot air, which traps pollutant. worsened by mountains

81
Q

law of conservation of mass?

A

the products must still exist (even if in a diff way) in the reactants

82
Q

what is the difference between (l) and (aq)

A

liquid vs. aqueous solution

83
Q

risk is based on BLANK and BLANK

A

toxicity (intrinsic hazard) and exposure (amount encountered)

84
Q

why are catalytic converters important?

A

they turn toxic CO to CO2 using rare earth metals, keeps air slightly less toxic

85
Q

1 breath =2.0x10^22 molecules
CO level is 9ppm
molecules of CO in each breath?

A

(2.0x10^22)*(9/10^6)

86
Q

CO is…

A

odorless and colorless

87
Q

what is PM

A

particulate matter

88
Q

ozone is a BLANK pollutant

A

secondary (produced from other pollutants)

89
Q

what is the environmental effect of ozone pollution

A
  • damages vegetation/crops
  • reduces biodiversity and CO2 reuptake
  • greehouse gas
90
Q

list the order of the electromagnetic spectrum

A

gamma, x, UV, visible, infra, micro, radio

91
Q

what are the ranges of the three UV’s

A

UVA: 320-400
UVB: 280-320
UVC: 200-280

92
Q

what UV type is most damaging?

A

UVC

93
Q

what type of UV affects outer layer of skin the most?

A

UVB

94
Q

UV BLANK bonds

A

dissociates

95
Q

Infra BLANK bonds

A

vibrates

96
Q

micro BLANK bonds

A

rotates

97
Q

how do you find bond order?

A

number of bonds/number of bond groups

98
Q

the higher the bond order, the higher the…

A

energy

99
Q

bond energy of O2 is 498 kJ
max wavelength needed to break the bond?

A

convert kJ to J, convert to J over molecules w/ A’s #, use lamba=(constant*light/J over molecules)

100
Q

when neutrons move towards the nucleus, they BLANK energy

A

emit

101
Q

as chlorine increases, ozone BLANK

A

decreases

102
Q

to go from molecules to grams, you must…

A

divide A’s #, multiple by molar mass

103
Q

to go from grams to molecules, you must…

A

divide by molar mass, multiple A’s #

104
Q

during seasons where plants are more active/plentiful, CO2 levels will drop on a local scale. true or false

A

true

105
Q

how do scientists measure CO2 levels millions of years ago?

A

glacier ice, which often contains CO2

106
Q

what are the four main carbon reservoirs?

A

atmosphere, carbonate-containing rocks, plants and animals, dissolved in surface and ocean

Fall Quarter 22-23 (4 decks)

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