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Bio 2024 > chch. 23 - 25 > Flashcards

chch. 23 - 25 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

bottleneck effect

A

change in allele frequencies due to a dramatic effect that reduces population size effecting the genetic diversity in the population

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2
Q

directional selection

A

favors individuals at one extreme phenotype distribution

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3
Q

diversifying selection

A

favors the survival of two or more genotypes that produce different phenotypes

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4
Q

founder effect

A

a small group of individuals separate from a larger population and establishes a colony in another location

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5
Q

balanced polymorphism

A

occurs when two different versions of a gene are maintained in a population

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6
Q

balancing selection

A

selective process that maintains multiple alleles in a populations gene pool

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7
Q

gene flow

A

transfer of alleles into or out of a population

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8
Q

genetic drift

A

changes in allele frequencies have to random chance

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9
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

when the relative fitness of heterozygotes is higher than the relative fitness of both homozygotes

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10
Q

inbreeding

A

mating of two genetically related individuals

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11
Q

inbreeding depression

A

results in offspring with reduced survival and fertility

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12
Q

intrasexual selection

A

members of one sex usually male, directly compete for the opportunity to mate (ex: horns, antlers, and claws)

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13
Q

intersexual selection

A

members of one sex usually females choose their mates from other sex based on desirable characteristics

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14
Q

neutral variation

A

changes in genes and proteins that do not have an effect on reproductive success

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15
Q

reproductive success

A

likelihood of an individual contributing fertile offspring

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16
Q

sexual selection

A

individuals with certain traits being more likely to engage in reproduction than others

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17
Q

stabling selection

A

favor the survival of individuals with intermediate phenotypes and selects those with extreme phenotypes

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18
Q

allopathic seperation

A

when a population becomes geographically isolated and evolves into one or more specie

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19
Q

biological species concept

A

a species is a group of individuals whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable fertile offspring but cannot successfully interbreed with members of other species

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20
Q

cladogenesis

A

splitting of one species into two or more species

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21
Q

ecological species concept

A

the specie is a set of organisms adapted to a particular set of resources, called a niche

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22
Q

evolutionary lineage concept

A

series of populations, organisms, cells, or genes that are connected by a continuous line of descent from ancestor to descendant

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23
Q

hybrid zones

A

area where interbreeding between two populations may occur to create hybrids

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24
Q

outgroup

A

organisms that are distantly related to the group of interest

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25
Q

parsimony

A

simplest explanation for a phenomenon is most likely to be correct

26
Q

prezygotic isolating mechanism

A

mechanisms that prevent gametes from fertilizing to create a zygote

27
Q

polyploidy

A

where an organisms cell have more than one pair of chromosomes

28
Q

postzygotic isolating mechanism

A

mechanisms that reduce the viability of reproductive capacity of hybrid offspring

29
Q

reproductive isolation

A

criterion for identifying a specie and prevent one specie from successfully interbreeding with other species

30
Q

sympatric speciation

A

occurs when the members of a specie that are within the same range diverge into two or more different species even though there are no physical barriers to interbreed

31
Q

anagenesis

A

gradual evolutionary process that occurs within a single specie

32
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

formal system for naming species of living things

33
Q

clade

A

group of organisms that share a common ancestor and all of its descendants

34
Q

characters

A

homologous features

35
Q

cladistics

A

method of biological classification that groups organism based on their most recent common ancestry

36
Q

cladogenesis

A

a biological evolutionary process that occurs when a parent species splits into two separate species

37
Q

cladograms

A

a branching tree diagram that shows the ancestral relationships between organisms.

38
Q

domain

A

highest taxonomic rank. in the biological classification system

39
Q

extant

A

group that has survived to the present day

40
Q

genus

A

taxonomic rank that classifies living and fossils organism and viruses

41
Q

kingdom

A

taxonomic rank dividing into five: monera, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia

42
Q

molecular systematics

A

analysis of genetic data which allows for identification of homologies leading to what is expressed in a phylogenetic tree

43
Q

monophyletic group

A

a group of organism that SHARE a common ancestor and all of its descendants

44
Q

paraphyletic group

A

taxonomic grouping that includes a SINGLE common ancestor

45
Q

phyla/phylum

A

taxonomic rank below kingdom but above classs

46
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

diagram describing the evolutionary relationships among various species

47
Q

polyphyletic group

A

a group that DOES NOT share a recent common ancestor

48
Q

shared ancestral character

A

characteristic that is found in the ancestor of a group and is present in all organisms in the taxon

49
Q

shared derived character

A

trait that two lineages share and that has evolved leading up into a clade

50
Q

synapomorphy

A

character or trait that is shared by 2 or more taxonomic groups

51
Q

taxon

A

group of related organisms at any hierarchal level

52
Q

taxonomy

A

the science behind naming, describing and classifying extant species as well as extinct species

53
Q

Over generations in a population, traits seen in individuals with higher fitness values will

A

become more prevalent in the population.

54
Q

Which of the following is NOT a basic assumption underlying Darwin’s mechanism for natural selection?

A

Individuals will strive to survive, thus evolving and adapting to their environment over their lifetime

55
Q

Which of the following would most likely result in a bottleneck event?
A hurricane blows through a coastal swamp inhabited by an apple snail population. The hurricane drastically changes the hydrology of the swamp, killing 98% of the apple snails.
A small population of geese migrates and joins a large flock of the same species. The two groups subsequently begin interbreeding.
A population of broomsedge grass is studied and determined to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
A mutation occurs in an individual poison ivy plant, doubling the number of seeds it produces. The mutation is inherited by future generations.

A

A hurricane blows through a coastal swamp inhabited by an apple snail population. The hurricane drastically changes the hydrology of the swamp, killing 98% of the apple snails.

56
Q

In ________ selection, individuals intermediate in a phenotypic distribution have greater reproductive success.

A

stabilizing

57
Q

American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and European sycamore (Platanus orientalis) are tree species that will interbreed if planted nearby but will not normally interbreed because they occur on different continents. This is an example of ______.

A

prezygotic barrier

58
Q

Two species of three-spined stickleback fish live in a single lake in British Columbia. They are closely related but occupy different niches. They exist nowhere else. These species most likely arose by ______ from a single species of three-spined stickleback.

A

sympatric speciation

59
Q

Which is NOT a characteristic of the biological species concept?

A

Based on the habitat the organism occupies in the environment

60
Q

Of the taxonomic groups listed below, which is the broadest (contains the most species)?
Class
Family
Kingdom
Order

A

Kingdom

61
Q

A phylogenetic tree shows the hypothesized evolutionary relationships among organisms, meaning that its structure can be revised and changed as new information about those relationships becomes known.
True or False

A

True

Bio 2024 (5 decks)

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