Chatper 2

Question 1

What is geologic env.(the earth) made of?

Answer 1

geologic materials
We must study these materials

Question 2

What materials make up the earth(name them)

Answer 2

Rocks, minerals, soil , etc

Question 3

Env. Geologists/engineers must answer certian questions about the earth

Answer 3

How earth, minerals, and rocks were formed
Why several geologic events occur today
How were these events in the past
How will they be in the future

Question 4

IMPORTANT
What do geologists use to answer these questions

How earth, minerals rocks were formed
Why several geologic events occur today
How were these events in the past
How will they be in the future

Answer 4

They use concepts like Uniformitarianism (Uniformity)

Question 5

What does Uniformitarianism state

Answer 5

States that the present is a key to the past
We must know the present in order to study the past

Allows us to bring the past to the present which helps is interpret the past/predicting potential future events

EXPECT for possible differences in rates chemical and physical process’s in the past

Question 6

Explain the Orgin of the solar system and the earth(Big Bang)

Answer 6

The earliest most popular belief is earth cam from the BIG BANG
10-15 billion years ago

A big cosmic ball exploded and discharged gas
A billion years later cloud of gas separated into smaller clouds called galaxies
Which also created milky way (our galaxy)
Under gravity, smaller clouds (nebulas) were formed from the galaxies
Look at Picture in Notes

Question 7

How our solar system was formed(Nebula)

Answer 7

One nebula(smaller cloud) from milky way condensed under gravity
It began contracting and rotating

It flattened into a disc, with the sun in the middle, and the materials formed planets

Sun burnt off excess hydrogen and planets became fully develop

Question 8

Earth Origin In specific(4.6 billion)
)Name earth layers)

Answer 8

4.6 billions years ago, eddies(materials) swirled around the sun to form the earth
These eddies consisted of silifon, iron, oxgyen and etc

Eddies formed 3 main concentric layers
Core(Inner layer)
Mantle(Middle layer)
Crust(Outer Layer)

Question 9

Explain the core IMPORTANT
Volume and Denisty?

Answer 9

16% total volume of earth
Density of 10-13 g/cm3
Consists of iron and nickel

Two sublayers in core
-Small solid inner layer
-Large liquid outer layer

Question 10

Explain the Mantle
Denisty and Volume?

Answer 10

Surronds the core
83% of earth volume
Denisty 3.3-5.7 g/cm3

Has three sub zones
Lower mantle: solid and forms most of earths interior

Asthenosphere: Surrounds lower mantle
You can form manga there if it melts

Upper Mantle:
Solid and surrounds asthenosphere
Crust and Mantle form Lithoshpere

Lithoshpere is broken up into pieces called plates(Plate tectonics)

These plates cause volcanic eruption, mountain ranges, formations of oceans

Question 11

Explain crust
(Two Types)

Answer 11

Outermost layer of the earth

TWO types
Continental crust
20-90 km thick
Average density 2.7 g/cm3
Contains silicon and aluminum

Oceanic Crust
5-10 km(thin)
Density 3.0 g/cm3
Mainly igneous rocks
Look at notes

Question 12

What are materials in the earth made up of
(Specfic thing)

Answer 12

Matter
anything with mass and occupies space
(plants, animals, water)

Question 13

Three types of matter

Answer 13

Solid: Rigid substance, retains shape, rocks, minerals,

Liquid, flow easily, takes shape of container, water, gasoline

Gas: Flow easily expands to fill up container
Water vapor

Question 14

What is matter made up of

Answer 14

It is made up of chemical elements
and these elemnts consist of smaller particles which are atoms

Question 15

Explain Atoms

Answer 15

Smallest indivisible unit of matter(Like oxgyen)

Atoms consist of nucleus which have protons and neutrons

The nucleus makes up most of the mass or weight of the atom

Negatively charged particles are called electrons

Question 16

What is a nucleus composed of

Answer 16

One or more protons and neutrons

Question 17

Proton

Answer 17

Particle with positive electrical charges

Question 18

Neutron

Answer 18

Particle with no charge (neutral)

Question 19

What are electrons

Answer 19

Negatively charged particles that encircle the nucleus(Check notes)

Question 20

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines what?

Answer 20

Atoms are characterized by atomic mass number or atomic wieght
This is the number of protons and neutrons

Electrons do not contribute to the mass of an atom

Question 21

Explain Isotopes

Answer 21

Atoms of the same elements may have different numbers if neutrons and therefore different atomic mass number or atomic weight

Example carbon can have a atomic mas of 12, 13 ,14

but the conssnt is that they all have 6 protons but different neutrons

Question 22

Explain Atomic structure

Answer 22

An atom may loose an electron to become positively charged or may gain an electron to become negatively charged

A negatively or positively charged atom is called an ion

Question 23

What is an ion

Answer 23

A negatively or positively charged atom is called an

Question 24

Explian minerals

Answer 24

Natural occurring, inorganic with a definite chemical composition and physical properties
This excludes diamonds ,rubies, plants, organic animals

Most minerals are silicates (consist of silicon and oxygen)

Question 25

What are the properties of minerals

Answer 25

Chemical composition
Crystal Structure
Physical properties
the most useful properties r
Color, luster, crystal form, cleavage and hardness

(Color doesnt really help)

Question 26

Igneous Rocks

Answer 26

Formed from magna

Once formed, it moves toward surface, thus losing heat and minerals begin to recrystallize

The rate at which it colls down dtermeines rocks shape and size
Slow colling- Large coarse grains(Granite)
Fast cooling - small grains(Basalt)
(look at note)

Question 27

Sedimentary rocks

Answer 27

Derived from physical and chemical weathering of pre existing rocks
Broken pieces of rocks or sediments

When those pieces of rocks r cements they made sedimentary rocks

Sediments= clay, sand, gravel
Sedimentary rocks= sandstone
(look at note)

Question 28

Metamorphic rocks

Answer 28

-formed from pre existing rocks by change in temp.
Pressure and chemical processes

Question 29

The rock cycle

Answer 29

Inter-relationship between the different rock types

Question 30

Why do we study rocks

Answer 30

make up the earth
contain mineral resources
Past can be obtained rom knowledge of rocks)

Question 31

Geologic time/ Gelogic time scale

Answer 31

Time separates geology from other sciences

People think of time in seconds, hours and days
but geologists most recent events are those in the last million years

Geologic time Scale
it is divided into Eon, Era, Periods, Epochs

Question 32

Froget

Answer 32

Forget

Question 33

Most minerals are silicates (consist of silicon and oxygen)
Silicates are classfied on what basis

Answer 33

Silicates are classified on the basis on arrangement, packing and sharing of the tetrahedra
Isolated tetrahedra
Continuous or single chain of tet
Continuous sheet
3 dimensional network of tet
(View notes0