Chapter 9

Question 1

HYDROSPHERE

Answer 1

-aqueous envelope of the Earth
-Includes bodies of waters(oceans, freshwater lakes,rivers) & aqueous vapor in the atmosphere
-is the total amount of water on the planet
-Home for many quantic life
-Essential to life (animals & plants)

Question 2

H2O is __ of our bodies
-H2O covers __ of earth surface
-in__

Answer 2

60%
70%
oceans, lakes, rivers, glacier, etc

Question 3

If earth were flat, H2O would cover it up

Answer 3

to 3000 m deep

Question 4

Fortunately, H2O is concentrated in

Answer 4

depressions(deep areas like trenchs) all over earth surface.

Question 5

Units of Measurement for water consist of?
How many gallons is Once acre foot ?

Answer 5

• Various units e.g., gallons, acre-feet, etc

Once acre-foot = water required to cover one acre of land, one foot deep
-1 Acre-foot = 325,851 gallons

Question 6

The Hydrologic Cycle:(watch a video on this)

Answer 6

-Describes circulation of H2O falling as rain, flowing to oceans, infiltrating to
groundwater, evaporating back to the atmosphere, condenses & falling back
as rain:

Question 7

Ocean has __ of H2O on earth, But..?
Remaining__ is fresh H2O
75 % of the 3 % in __?

Answer 7

97 %, salty & not useful to plants & animals
3 %
glaciers ice and snow

Question 8

Processes (and Rainfall):Evaporation 1

Answer 8

Liquid to vapor below BOILING POINT
(watch video)

Question 9

Processes (and Rainfall):Sublimation 2

Answer 9

Solid H2O (ice) to vapor directly, mainly on bright, windy days ( snow -> vapor)
(watch video)

Question 10

Processes (and Rainfall):Humidity 3

Answer 10

Amount of H2O vapor in air (Warm air is more than cold air.)

Question 11

Processes (and Rainfall):Saturation Point 4

Answer 11

Air is at saturation point when it contains as much H2O as it can hold at that
temperature (T)

Question 12

Processes (and Rainfall):Relative Humidity 5

Answer 12

-Actual amount of H2O in air relative to saturation point at that temp (T).

Satuartion point:the stage at which no more of a substance can be absorbed into a vapor

saturation temp at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase.

Question 13

Processes (and Rainfall):Condensation 6

Answer 13

-H2O molecules aggregate(form a group/cluster) about saturation point => called CONDENSATION

Question 14

Processes (and Rainfall):Dew Point 7

Answer 14

-Temperature at which condensation begins.

Question 15

Processes (and Rainfall): Rainfall 8

Answer 15

With enough condensation, rainfall occurs!!! (main source of H2O supply)

Condesation can either be cluster on a water bottle or something or alot of water in the clouds

Question 16

Rainfall is unevenly distributed due to what?

Answer 16

effects of winds & topography (hills & valleys)
-Rainfall is more at the tropics and on windward side of mountains.
(watch five minutes of crash course vid)

Question 17

Compartments :River is an important geologic agent for:

Answer 17

(1)Water Supply(fresh water)
(2) shaping the landscape by eroding and depositing materials on ground
surface
(3) flooding

Question 18

To evaluate these effects of a river, we need to know..?

Answer 18

some factors of the river,
e.g., DISCHARGE and GRADIENT

Question 19

Discharge:

Answer 19

*Amount of water flowing past a point in the river channel for a given period of time.
*Discharge evaluated through the Discharge Equation:
Q = V X A

(Discharge (Q) = Velocity (V) X Cross-sectional area (A))

-Q = Discharge of river in cubic feet of water per second (cfs)
-V = Velocity of water in feet per second (ft/sec)
-A = Area of channel in square feet (ft2)

Question 20

1. Q = 18 cfs, A = 1 sq. yd. (yd2)
   V = ?

Answer 20

18?

Question 21

2. Q = 20 cfs, V = 5 ft/min
   A = ?

Answer 21

4

Question 22

In general, the greater the discharge, the better the…?

Answer 22

water supply and more erosion.
1.Velocity - discharge relation
2. Depth - discharge relation
3. Width - discharge relation

Question 23

How is discharge relation established?

Answer 23

is established by making frequent measurements of the stage and of the corresponding discharge in the river

Question 24

Gradient:

Answer 24

-Longitudinal profile or side view of a river:
-Gradient = Vertical drop (rise) = 10 /Horizontal distance (run) 100
(look at image)

Question 25

The smaller the gradient, the…?

Answer 25

less the level of erosion

Question 26

Features of stream:Erosional

Answer 26

Meander: S-shaped features along river

-Oxbow lake: Erosion and deposition produce tight meanders and eventually
oxbow lakes form

Question 27

Features of stream:Depositional

Answer 27

-Alluvium: Sediments deposited by streams

-Deltas: Triangular shaped sediments found where water runs into standing bodies
of H2O

*Usually good as reservoirs for H2O (aquifers) and oil

Question 28

Features of stream: Various shapes

Answer 28

1.Stream - dominated
2. Wave - dominated
3.Tide - domintated

Question 29

FLOOD PLAINS:Gradient of a stream ___ in its lower reaches.

Answer 29

decreases in its lower reaches

Question 30

Flood Plains: High precipitation may provide what?

Answer 30

large volumes of H2O to cause flooding in
these reaches(watch video)

Question 31

What are flood plains

Answer 31

The FLAT AREAS flanking the valley, on which sediments are deposited
during flooding are the flood plains.
(watch video)(basically the flat areas right next to a valley at which water flows, there are seidments deposited on those areas making them flood plains

Question 32

Flood Plains:Flooding: Read up more about it

Answer 32

From May through September of 1993, major and/or record flooding occurred across North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin, and Illinois. Fifty flood deaths occurred, and damages approached $15 billion. Hundreds of levees failed along the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers