ChatGPT_Questions1.0 Flashcards
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
DNA → RNA → Protein.
What is the primary goal of genome engineering?
To modify the genome to study gene function or for therapeutic purposes.
What are the four major ‘-omics’ disciplines?
Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics.
What is the Kaplan-Meier plot used for?
To visualize the survival rate of a population over time.
What are two main roles of homologous recombination?
Meiosis and DNA replication.
What technology replaced microarrays for high-throughput genomic studies?
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS).
What is the advantage of Nanopore sequencing over NGS?
It can sequence longer DNA fragments and directly sequence RNA.
Define ‘de novo sequencing.’
Sequencing a genome without a reference.
What is the function of CpG island methylation?
It typically silences gene expression.
What is SNP, and why is it significant?
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism; it represents genetic variation and can affect traits or diseases.
What is the polyA tail used for in RNA sequencing?
For selecting mRNA by hybridizing with oligo-dT primers.
What is the difference between nascent RNA and total RNA?
Nascent RNA represents newly transcribed RNA, while total RNA includes all RNA types in a cell.
What is the purpose of RNA Pol II inhibition in transcriptomics?
To assess transcription dynamics by halting elongation.
How do microRNAs regulate gene expression?
By binding to mRNAs, leading to degradation or inhibition of translation.
What is the significance of single-cell RNA sequencing?
It allows the analysis of gene expression in individual cells.
What is the primary goal of structural biology?
To determine how protein structure influences its function.
How do proteins recognize specific DNA sequences?
Through interactions with the DNA’s major and minor grooves.
What is a Holliday junction?
A structure formed during homologous recombination.
Why is mass spectrometry crucial in structural biology?
To determine protein structure and post-translational modifications.
Define ‘interactomics.’
The study of protein-protein interactions.
What are the two main approaches to knock out a gene?
Homologous recombination and CRISPR/Cas9.
What is the purpose of site-specific recombination systems like Cre/loxP?
To create conditional knockouts or insertions.
What is the role of guide RNA in CRISPR/Cas9?
It directs Cas9 to the target DNA sequence.
What does ‘synthetic genome’ mean?
A genome entirely synthesized in vitro using techniques like Gibson Assembly.
What is a limitation of CRISPR/Cas9?
Off-target effects.
Why is proteomics considered more complex than genomics?
Proteins have multiple isoforms and post-translational modifications.
What is the ‘guilt by association’ principle in interactomics?
Proteins interacting with the same partners likely share a function.
What is the principle of mass spectrometry?
Separation of ions by mass-to-charge ratio.
How does SILAC work?
It uses stable isotope labeling to compare protein expression levels.
What is a ubiquitinome?
The set of all ubiquitinated proteins in a cell.
What is Gibson Assembly?
A method for assembling multiple DNA fragments in one reaction.
Why are control experiments critical in ChIP-seq?
To distinguish specific DNA-protein interactions from background noise.
How is gene function tested using knockout mice?
By observing phenotypic changes in the absence of the target gene.
What is the advantage of using high-throughput sequencing?
It generates large amounts of data quickly and cost-effectively.
Define ‘conditional knockout.’
Gene inactivation in specific tissues or at specific times.
