ChatGPT_1.1 Flashcards
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
The central dogma of molecular biology explains the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It describes how DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.
What is the primary goal of genome engineering?
The primary goal of genome engineering is to modify the genetic material of an organism to study gene function, develop disease models, or create therapeutic applications.
What are the four major ‘-omics’ disciplines?
The four major ‘-omics’ disciplines are Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics.
What is the Kaplan-Meier plot used for?
The Kaplan-Meier plot is a statistical tool used to estimate the survival probability of a population over time.
What are two main roles of homologous recombination?
Homologous recombination plays a critical role in meiosis and DNA replication and repair.
What technology replaced microarrays for high-throughput genomic studies?
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) replaced microarrays as it allows massively parallel sequencing of DNA fragments.
What is the advantage of Nanopore sequencing over NGS?
Nanopore sequencing offers the ability to sequence much longer DNA or RNA fragments and direct RNA sequencing without the need for reverse transcription.
Define ‘de novo sequencing.’
De novo sequencing involves sequencing a genome for the first time without a reference genome.
What is the function of CpG island methylation?
CpG island methylation typically silences gene expression by adding methyl groups to cytosine residues within CpG dinucleotides.
What is SNP, and why is it significant?
A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) is a variation at a single nucleotide position in the genome.
What is the polyA tail used for in RNA sequencing?
The polyA tail is used in RNA sequencing to selectively isolate mRNA.
What is the difference between nascent RNA and total RNA?
Nascent RNA refers to newly transcribed RNA, while total RNA includes all types of RNA within a cell.
What is the purpose of RNA Pol II inhibition in transcriptomics?
RNA Polymerase II inhibition is used to study transcription dynamics by halting elongation.
How do microRNAs regulate gene expression?
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by binding to complementary sequences on target mRNAs.
What is the significance of single-cell RNA sequencing?
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) enables the analysis of gene expression at the individual cell level.
What is the primary goal of structural biology?
The primary goal of structural biology is to understand the three-dimensional structures of biomolecules.
How do proteins recognize specific DNA sequences?
Proteins recognize specific DNA sequences through interactions with the DNA’s major and minor grooves.
What is a Holliday junction?
A Holliday junction is a cross-shaped structure that forms during homologous recombination.
Why is mass spectrometry crucial in structural biology?
Mass spectrometry is vital for identifying and characterizing proteins and studying protein complexes.
Define ‘interactomics.’
Interactomics is the study of interactions among proteins and other biomolecules within a cell.
What are the two main approaches to knock out a gene?
The two main approaches are homologous recombination and CRISPR/Cas9.
What is the purpose of site-specific recombination systems like Cre/loxP?
Cre/loxP systems allow precise genetic modifications by excising or activating specific DNA regions.
What is the role of guide RNA in CRISPR/Cas9?
Guide RNA (gRNA) directs the Cas9 nuclease to a specific DNA target sequence.
What does ‘synthetic genome’ mean?
A synthetic genome refers to a genome entirely constructed in the laboratory.
What is a limitation of CRISPR/Cas9?
A major limitation of CRISPR/Cas9 is off-target effects.
Why is proteomics considered more complex than genomics?
Proteomics is more complex because proteins undergo various modifications and exist in multiple isoforms.
What is the ‘guilt by association’ principle in interactomics?
The ‘guilt by association’ principle posits that proteins frequently interacting with each other are likely to share similar functions.
What is the principle of mass spectrometry?
Mass spectrometry separates ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio.
How does SILAC work?
Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC) involves incorporating labeled amino acids into proteins during cell growth.
What is a ubiquitinome?
The ubiquitinome encompasses all ubiquitinated proteins within a cell.
