Chater 14 Personality Psychopathology

Question 1

What is a personality disorder

Answer 1

based on trait perspective, inflexible/maladaptive traits that interfere with function, are relatively stable across time and situations
-many never diagnosed, prevalence estimates the difficulty
-5-15% hospital admissions/outpatient clinics
-lifetime prevalence: 9-13%(axis 1 and axis 2
-many go get help with other problems not knowing its the personality

Question 2

What is axis 1

Answer 2

short term, more immediate, temporal/emotional, depression, anxiety, mood disorders

Question 3

What is Axis 2

Answer 3

long term; childhood extended into adulthood

Question 4

What does the DSM say about personality disorders

Answer 4

represent a significant impairment/adaptive failure in the individual’s self-function (identity/self-direction issues)+ in his/her ability to engage in effective interpersonal functioning(empathy/intimacy issues)

Question 5

What is an example of a personality disorder

Answer 5

1. Individual rigidly responds with anger all the time, even if the situation calls for it; this is why it is maladaptive

Question 6

What is the difference between trait and state

Answer 6

A trait is constant, the state is not
ex. A young shy girl is shy but not around close friends

Question 7

What is general personality disorder

Answer 7

An enduring pattern of inner experience/behavior that differs markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture; inflexible/pervasive across personal/social situations

Question 8

What does the DSM say about GPD

Answer 8

-clinically significant distress/impairments in function
-manifest 2+
—–cognition(ways of perceiving self, other, events)
—–Affect(range, intensity, inability of emotional responses)
—–Interpersonal function
—–Impulse control
-Stable/long duration; onset adolescense or early adulthood
-not explained by other mental disorder, substance, or medical condition

Question 9

What are the 3 clusters of a GPD

Answer 9

odd/eccentric, Anxious/fearful, Dramatic/emotional/erratic

Question 10

What are the subtypes of Odd/eccentric

Answer 10

Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal

Question 11

What is paranoid

Answer 11

extreme suspciousness

Question 12

What is schizoid

Answer 12

isolated, indifferent to others
-don’t care that they are isolated, that’s what separates them from social anxiety because those individuals are aware/uncomfortable by their social behavior

Question 13

What is a schizotypal

Answer 13

eccentric thoughts/actions, poor concentration(risk for schizophrenia disorders)

Question 14

What is anxious/fearful

Answer 14

avoidant, dependent, obsessive compulsive

Question 15

What is avoidant

Answer 15

extreme fear of rejection, pervasive social anxiety, low self-esteem
-high distressed by social behavior, symptoms similar to social anxiety but more extreme and long term

Question 16

What is dependent

Answer 16

over-reliance on others; poor sense of identity

Question 17

What is obsessive compulsive

Answer 17

rigid focus on details; control/ perfectionism; sightly more in men(reflects a high need for control, don’t do well in occupations)
-NOT OCD, no compulsive ritual, less serious

Question 18

What are the dramatic/emotional/erratic

Answer 18

histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, Antisocial Personality disorder(APD)

Question 19

What is histrionic

Answer 19

dramatic displays of extreme emotion; attention seeking
-overly dramatic signs of emotion tat are meant to draw attention to the self in hopes of gaining sympathy or secondary gain

Question 20

What is Narcissistic

Answer 20

self centered, lack empathy, exploits others, Heinz Kohut, Theodore Millon

Question 21

Who is Heinz Kohut

Answer 21

self psychology; narcissism is compensation for inadequate life(love+approval from ones parents), ‘If you don’t love me, I’ll love myself”

Question 22

Who is Theodore Millon

Answer 22

social learning theory; narcissism created by parents who hold inflated views of their child
-participation trophies: can be cultural

Question 23

What is Borderline

Answer 23

unstable relationships, impulsive, poor sense of self; poor sense of interpersonal boundaries(extreme fear of abandonment)
-propensity to view thing in black or white(People are either all good or all evil)
-feeling empty
prone to episodes of severe depression, manipulative suicide events(leave me and I’ll kill myself)
-relationship idealization
-all roles have scripts, one understands not to violate scripts, interpersonal boundaries, fear of abandonment

Question 24

What happens if a borderline goes through high stress

Answer 24

they can temporarily lose touch with reality(lie between Neurosis and Psychosis)

Question 25

What is neurosis

Answer 25

non-psychotic mental disorders; neurotic but not out of touch with reality

Question 26

What is Psychosis

Answer 26

propensity to lose touch with reality

Question 27

What is APD

Answer 27

psychopath(hereditary), Sociopath(learned it from environment), more in men, harm others more than selves; criminal behavior, not all diagnosed with this are tru psychopaths(cutthroat businessmen)
-can be antisocial without psychopath

Question 28

Who is Herve Cleckley(Mask of Sanity)

Answer 28

1. Psychopath: superficial charm/good intelligence, shallow emotions/lack of empathy, guilt, remorse; behaviors indicate little life plan/order; failure to learn from experiences/absence of anxiety; unreliability, insecurity, untruthfulness
2. Passive avoidance learning: tendency to have difficult stopping making response that results in punishment

Question 29

Who is Robert Hare(without conscience)

Answer 29

4 Facets:
-Deceitful interpersonal style/deficient affect
-irresponsible lifestyle/antisocial activities
-“instrumental aggression: aggression is goal-oriented, yet calm/control(versus hostile aggression(normal) more emotionally charged)
-not all people diagnosed with ADP are psychopathic, psychopaths are wired differently

Question 30

What are the PCL-R administration and scoring

Answer 30

-semi-structured interviews, case histories, file information
-checklist ratings, 5 omits invalidates; diagnostic cutoff: 30+

Question 31

What is the etiology for psychodynamic

Answer 31

early parent/child relationship; separation-individuation failure(crawling away from mothers—–> seperation-motor behavior/physical; individual psychological), results in weakend ego
-undeveloped superego, free expression of ID

Question 32

What is the Parenting approach in separation individuation failure

Answer 32

let the child crawl away but then grab it and hold it, sends the same message as a drunk parent not watching the kid; sets the tone for a child that the world is not safe

Question 33

What is the behavioral etology

Answer 33

maladaptive behaviors via reinforcement/modeling;

Question 34

What is the cognitive etiology

Answer 34

extreme/exaggerated schemas; modify distorted belief systems
-deficit in social information processing

Question 35

What is the bio etiology

Answer 35

assumes link to Axis 1 disorders(expresses itself through Axis 1 disorders like depression/anxiety); use medications to treat Axis 1 symptoms
-Genetics
-Under arousal theory

Question 36

What is the Family/socialization Risk factors

Answer 36

poor parental supervision/involvement; parental rejection/deprivation; dysfunction family structure; parental seperation/absence; do not learn to pay attention to social stimuli; antisocial father

Question 37

What are some sociocultural etiology

Answer 37

societal injustices (forms of oppression)

Question 38

What is behavioral treatment

Answer 38

modeling, noncontingent reinforcement
-Punishment shows no link to the desired behavior+child, learns no rules—> fail to learn social rules of conduct+ get aggressive
-Want the child to get contingent reinforcement so they learn right from wrong;( I get this response because I expressed this behavior)

Question 39

What is the under arousal theory

Answer 39

less sensitive to ANS; less responsive to the environment; increased tolerance to pain; less sensitive to anxiety, more sensation seeking; all compensate for under arousal
-less adept at passive avoidance learning(they continue to do things that make them have pain, so they can’t avoid behaviors that have an outcome of punishment), psychopaths settle down in middle age, soon learn to avoid punishment

Question 40

What types of drugs help

Answer 40

Tranquilizing drugs reduce antisocial behavior,

Question 41

What also helps treat APD

Answer 41

BEST-skill based+behavioral function using material rewards, but not long-lasting
-build rapport/guide APD toward higher level thinking regarding self and others
-current treatment not effective, need family and peers
-disorder tends to diminish with age

Question 42

What are some DSM changes

Answer 42

removal of paranoid, schizoid, histrionic, dependent
Reasons:
1. absence of research, excessive co-occurrence, arbitrary diagnostic thresholds
2.NEOAC extremes of normal personality

Question 43

What are some behavioral treatments

Answer 43

skill training, Dialectical behavioral treatments for BPD(combines social skills + teaching emotional control)

Question 44

Old DSM model of APD

Answer 44

pharmaceuticals/psychiatrists want to keep disease model intact

Question 45

What is NEOAC

Answer 45

Want to stop medicalizing personality
-Prevalence; rare in the general population, but more common in clinical settings: more likely to come in for specific problem(axis 1, anxiety, martial problem)
-gender
—–disorders for emotionality more common in women
—–disorders for self-centeredness/callousness more in men
stereotypes: more socially acceptable for women to be dependent, nurturing; men are stoic, emotionless
can create a bias/inequality: are we pathologizing the very traits society encourages
-cultural context: lack of eye contact—–> respect or avoidance

Question 46

What are the main takeaways from this class

Answer 46

mental disorder chronicity+severity(distress+impairment)
reduce stigmas of mental illness, correct myths/misconceptions
deal with ambiguity/uncertainty(can still help people)
think holistically(mutiple interacting influences over time, multipath model)