Chapter 7 Flashcards
Depressive disorder
one of most common, disturbances in emotion, thoughts and behaviors that disturb function
Depression
Mood: feelings of sadness, emptiness, worthlessness, apathy, anxiety, brooding
o Cognitive: pessimism, guilt, difficulty concentrating, negative thinking, suicidal thoughts
o Behavioral: social withdrawal, crying, low energy, lowered productivity, agitation
o Physiological: appetite/weight changes, sleep disturbance. Aches/pain, loss of sex drive
Mania
Mood: elevated mood, grandiosity, irritability, hostility
least one week elevated symptoms +more symptoms
Hypomania
milder than mania, Ex: elevated mood lasting for 4 days
o Doesn’t require loss of contact with reality
o Risk factor for bipolar disorder
- General diagnostic considerations:
o Onset of symptoms (recent/chronic)
o Presence of mania/hypomania
o Suicide risk severity
o Comorbid features (i.e., substance abuse, psychosis)
o Post-partum onset (“postpartum depression”)
§ Onset within 6 months of childbirth
§ Underdiagnosed - in 13% of women
o Early onset is more risk factor
Major Depression Disorder
nearly everyday for 14 days, major depressive eposde for most of the day, emptiness, loss of pleasure
Persistent Depressive disorder
More days than not for 2 years
hopelessness feelings, low self-esteem appetite disturbance, low energy/fatigue, difficulty concentrating/making decisions, sleep disturbance
Anxiety-depression disorder
motor tension, difficulty relaxing, pervasive worries/feelings that something catastrophic will occur
Seasonal Depressive disorder
occurs with seasonal times, may light disturbances, need two disturbances to diagnosis
Epidemiology
$50billion annually in the US (health care + loss of work)
o Frequently comorbid with other disorders (i.e., substance use)
o Suicide risk 8x higher
o Increased risk for women, native American, ,middle aged, widowed, separated, divorced, low SES
o Recurrent rate high
o Major depression less in married couples
o Sufferers have issues of dependability
Biological
heredity, circadian rhythm, high cortisol, low serotinin, Insomnia,
Lewisohn model
number of potentially reinforcing events/activities, availability of reinforcements in the environment, individual’s instrumental behavior,
goal: help person learn techniques to relearn those positive reinforcers back and social skills training to help them gain the skills to obtain reinforcement from relationships with others
Becks
distorted problems with thinking, negative way of thinking
Schema=way of thinking when growing up
Seligams
no one has control over what they are feeling
internal vs external
permanat vs temporary
genralized vs specific
Social
stress and depression, diathesis stressor model
interpersonal problems and dependency, social support
Sociocultural
culture, race gender
Susan Nolen Hoeksema
women=ruminate
men-distract
Circadian related
sleep deprivation then sleep recovery
light therapy(have brighter lights)
Electronvulsive therapy
severe or chrnoic depression
electrical current to brain to produce chemicals
Psych treatment
behavioral activation
interpersonal psychotherapy
Cognitive behavioral
mindfulness based CBT
Bipolar
Hypomania episode of depression
different in genetics, treatment, age of onset, prevalence
one or more hypo/manic episodes often with alternating depressive episodes
Bipolar 1
at least one manic episodes
Bipolar 2
hypomanic and major depressive
cyclothymic disorder
hypomanic episodes alternating with depressed mood (but not Major depressive episode) for 2+ years; never symptom free for more than 2 months, no history of mania or major depression; risk factor for more serious disorder
Epidomology
strong genetic component, Bipolar two more women
treatment
Mood stabilizers, anticonvulsant drugs (Valproate), and antidepressants may exacerbate manic symptoms, issues of noncompliance with lithium
o Psychological: psychoeducation, family tx, interpersonal psychotherapy, CBT used to reduce symptom severity
