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Abnormal Psych 355 > Chapter 12 Neurocognitive > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Neurocognitive Flashcards

1
Q

Neurocognitive disorders can come from

A

transient or permanent damage to brain

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2
Q

What can neurocognitive change

A

thinking process, memory, perception, and consciousness
also behavior and emotional functioning are commonly seen

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3
Q

What are some causes to a neurocognitive disorder

A

degenerative conditions, stroke, head trauma, and infection
also influenced by social and psychological factors

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4
Q

What does screening look like

A

-gathering background info
-conducting a mental status examination
-using psychological and neuropsychological tests and inventories to evaluate specific functions

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5
Q

What is the Glasgow coma scale

A

objectively measures consciousness

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6
Q

What is electroencephalograph

A

measure firing of neurons via electrodes to scalp

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7
Q

What is computerized axial tomography(CAT) scan

A

brain images produced from cross-sectional x rays

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8
Q

What is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

produces images of brain using magnetic field

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9
Q

What is positron emission tomography(PET) scan

A

assesses glucose metabolism in brain

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10
Q

What is Single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT)

A

provides longer but less detailed images of metabolic activity

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11
Q

What is major neurocognitive disorder

A

Significant decline in
-one or more cognitive areas
Ability to meet daily living demands
Dementia

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12
Q

What is dementia

A

pervasive deterioration in cognition
memory impairment
gradual onset and continuing cognitive decline

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13
Q

What is a Minor neurocognitive Disorder

A

involves deficits in at least one major area, but to a lesser degree of severity
struggle with familiar tasks or use compensatory strategies to complete tasks
extra effort to maintain independence but overall independent functioning not compromised
can be earlier stage of major neurocognitive disorder

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14
Q

What is delirium

A

-Acute state of confusion characterized by disorientation and impaired attention
-rapid development over hours or days
-symptoms may be mild or severe
-psychotic symptoms may be present
-sick and elderly at increased risk

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15
Q

What is the etiology of neurocognitive disorder

A

-result from variety of medical conditions
-specific brain pathology is the primary biological factor for each condition, but other factors affect condition to affect the outcome

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16
Q

How does a Traumatic brain injury happen

A

wound or internal injury to the brain
1.7 million get one per year
severity duration and symptoms vary

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17
Q

What are the symptoms for TBI

A

headache, confusion, memory loss, attention deficits, fatigue, irritability, and changes in behavior
more significant tissue damage is associated with more impaired functioning

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18
Q

What is Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy(CTE)

A

-progressive degenerative condition involving brain damage from multiple episodes of head trauma
- symptoms of depression, poor impulse control, and increase risk of dementia in later adulthood

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19
Q

What is a concussion

A

most common
alteration in brain functioning often caused by a blow to the head

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20
Q

What is a contusion

A

brain strikes the skull with sufficient force to cause bruising; involve tissue damage

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21
Q

What is a cerebral laceration

A

open head injury in which brain tissue is torn, pierced, or ruptured; damage is localized

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22
Q

What is a cognitive vascular disorder

A

can result from a one-time cardiovascular event (stroke) or insidious, ongoing disruptions to the cardiovascular system
majority begin with atherosclerosis

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23
Q

What is a stroke

A

sudden halting of blood flow to a portion of the brain leading to brain damage

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24
Q

What is an Ischemic Stroke

A

Stoke due to reduced blood supply caused by a. clot or sever narrowing of the arteries supplying blood to the brain(85% of strokes)

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25
What is a Transient Ischemic Attack(TIA)
mini-stroke, resulting from temporary blockage of arteries; no long term damage
26
What is a hemorrhagic stroke
involving leakage of blood into the brain
27
What are some facts about stroke
-fourth leading cause of death(137,000 per year) -majority over 50 -cigarettes cause 1/4
28
What are some risks for strokes
hypertension, obesity, salt, saturated fats , limited physical activity, stress, binge drinking, and depression
29
Stroke survivors often require long-term care due
to physical and psychological symptoms that impair independent functioning
30
What happens if you receive left hemisphere damage
affects speech and language proficiency and physical movement of right half of body
31
What happens is you receive right hemisphere damage
impairs judgment and short term memory, increases impulsivity, affects visual-spatial skills
32
What happens to stroke survivors
frustrated and depressed by difficulties experienced cognitive skills decline due to chronic or sporadic cardiovascular events affecting blood flow to the brain uneven deterioration of intellectual activities physical and cognitive symptoms may be impaired
33
What is a neurodegenerative disorder
declining brain due to atrophy and loss of neurons Vary: age of onset skills of affected course of disorder
34
What is Alzheimers
Dementia involving memory loss in cognitive and adaptive functioning 5 million Americans 6th leading cause of death risk increases with age, can attack at 30,40, or 50
35
What are some characteristics of Alzheimer's
-progressive decline in cognitive, physical, and social functioning -early symptoms: memory dysfunction, irritability, cognitive impairment -other symptoms: social withdrawal, depression, apathy, delusions, impulsive behaviors, neglect of personal hygiene -no cure
36
What are some memory loss factors for Alzheimers
With age, neurons are gradually lost, the brain becomes smaller, and info is processed more slowly(normal process) many adults experience minimal decline because with age, the brain reorganizes itself acute conditions such as infection or reaction to prescription drugs
37
What are some abnormal brain structures with Alzheimers
increased atrophy of brain tissue neurofibrillary tangles: twisted masses of protein fibers found inside nerve cells Senile plaques: composed of parts of neurons surrounding a group of proteins called beta-amyloid deposits tangles and plaques disrupt transmission between neurons
38
What is the etiology of Alzheimers
genetics and environmental Twins found heritability is high but environmental influences also important Autosomal-dominant Alzheimers disease APOE-e4 gene as a risk gene
39
How to prevent Alzheirmers
maintaining a healthy cardiovascular system can reduce the risk changes in lifestyle may slow the progression Anti-inflammatory drugs may slow the accumulation of proteins implicated in Alzheimer's
40
What is Lewy body Dementia
visual hallucinations, cognitive fluctuations, atypical movements second most common(30%) results in progressive cognitive decline and milder Parkinsons movement symptoms more rapid onset than AD(Alzheimer's), but similar onset
41
What are some characteristics of Lewy Body Dementia
-significant fluctuations in attention and alertness -recurrent detailed visual hallucinations -frequent falls, a shuffling gait, muscular rigidity, and slowed movement -sleep disturbances -depression is common
42
How is LBD similar with other neurocognitive disorders
same irregularities in neurons seen in Parkinson's, LBD diagnosed when the cognitive decline begins within a year of Parkinson's like motor symptoms have plaque/tangles seen in AD data is compromised due to overlap of symptoms in other dementia confirmed through autopsy
43
What is frontotemporal lobar degeneration
brain degeneration in the frontal and temporal lobes resulting in a progressive decline in language and behavior the fourth leading cause of dementia
44
What are the symptoms depending on in Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
changes in behavior and personality difficult using words or naming objects difficulty forming words and using language
45
What are some characteristics of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
midlife complex diagnosis and treatment significant genetic component significant genetics component
46
What is Parkinsons
progressive disorder chatacterized by poorly controlled moto movements 2nd most common(500,000)
47
What are the 4 common symptoms of parkinsons
tremor of hands, arms, legs, jaw, or face rigidity of limbs and trunk slowness in initiating movement impaired balance and coordination
48
How to treat parkinsons, and how it combined with Lewy body
motor area of the brainstem and accelerated aging of neurons, and loss of dopamine medication but there are severe side effects surgical procedures on brain or implantation of electrodes to stimulate areas of the brain
49
What is Huntingtons
a genetically transmitted degenerative disease characterized by involuntary twitching movements and eventual dementia age of onset is variable, ranging from childhood to late life early symptoms: twitch in fingers or facial grimaces
50
How does Huntington progress
-abrupt repetitive movements -changes in personality and emotional stability -cognitive deficits and dementia -severe motor and cognitive impairments -major depression -no cure, but can be reduced by medication
51
What is AIDS Dementia complex symptoms
Dementia may be the first sign of AIDS -inability to concentrate, difficulty with complex mental tasks, tremors, poor balance, and increased apathy and lethargy ADC among AIDS people are 10-20%
52
What is Meningitis
inflammation of the membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord symptoms vary with age can result in the destruction of brain tissues result of virus/bacteria
53
What is Encephalitis
brain inflammation, many make a complete recovery result of virus/bacteria
54
What is Epilepsy
a chronic disorder characterized by seizures resulting from uncontrolled electrical discharge in the brain most common neurological disorder 1-2% of pop, 2.7 million Etiology: tumors, injury, degenerative disease, substance abuse medication not always helpful
55
What are some major interventions
-rehabilitative techniques -medical techniques -cognitive behavioral techniques -lifestyle changes -environmental support -caregiver support
56
What type of rehabilitation can be done
must be comprehensive and sustained physical, occupational, speech, and language therapy individual must be committed depression, pessimism, and anxiety can stall progress therapy provided by robotic devices show promising results
57
How does medication help
can prevent, control, or reduce symptoms target physical symptoms or cognitive decline help control comorbid emotional problems must balance positive and negative effects
58
What are some cognitive behavioral approaches
psychotherapy can enhance coping and participation in rehabilitation efforts can also be used to reduce the frequency and severity of problems behaviors or to improve functional skills
59
How can life style changes help
prevent or reduce progression of neurocognitive disorders mental stimulation to prevent and reduce cognitive decline mental exercises can improve memory, reasoning ability, and info processing speed
60
How can environmental support help
neurodegenerative disorder involving dementia are irreversible and can be best managed with supportive environment modifying environment can increase safety and comfort while decreasing confusion and agitation
61
How can caregiver support help
family and friends who provide care in need of support may feel overwhelmed, helpless, frustrated, or angry can benefit from caregiver support groups

Abnormal Psych 355 (8 decks)

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