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Charles I - political Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Charles succeed to the throne?

A

March 1625

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2
Q

What did Charles do when he found an empty treasury?

A

Wanted to gain a loan from City of London merchants of £60,000

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3
Q

Why did the Commons refuse Charles the right to collect Tonnage and Poundage for life?

A

In response to the Mansfield campaign

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4
Q

What did parliament suggest Charles do to raise money instead of collecting Tonnage and Poundage?

A

Parliament suggested a grant be made for a year so parliament would have to be called regularly.

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5
Q

Who did Charles marry?

A

Henrietta Maria

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6
Q

Why was Henrietta Maria unpopular?

A

Brought her own court of Catholic advisers.

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7
Q

Why was the war with Spain so unpopular?

A

Conscription of troops and forced billeting of troops in people’s houses, when the plague had already disrupted the economy.

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8
Q

When was a navel expedition sent to attack the port of Cadiz in Spain?

A

Late 1625

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9
Q

What was the outcome of the attack on Cadiz?

A

Poorly trained and equipped, it failed completely.

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10
Q

Who was the attack on Cadiz led by?

A

The duke of Buckingham’s nominee, Viscount Wimbledon

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11
Q

Why did Charles dissolve the 1625 parliament?

A

Talks of impeaching Buckingham

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12
Q

When did Charles enforce the forced loan?

A

1626

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13
Q

Why did Charles enforce the forced loan?

A

Charles had to dissolve parliament without any grants for taxation due to talks of impeachment of Buckingham.

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14
Q

What happened to those who refused to pay the forced loan?

A

Imprisoned or conscripted into the military service.

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15
Q

Who tried to endorse the legality of the loan?

A

Lord Chief Justice Carew

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16
Q

When was the five knights case?

A

1627

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17
Q

What was the five knights case?

A

A group of 5 knights refused to pay the loan, were imprisoned sued for release under hebeas corpus. They were refused the right to go to court, because the king claimed the right to a power of arrest.

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18
Q

Why did Charles summon another parliament in 1628?

A

In need for funds for national defence

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19
Q

Why was there a need of funds for national defence in 1628?

A

The attack on Cadiz had been followed up by a further deterioration in relation with France, as Buckingham’s inept diplomacy to war and a failed attempt to support a Protestant rebellion in La Rochelle

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20
Q

How many subsidies were granted to Charles in the 1628 parliament?

A

Five subsides in taxation

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21
Q

When was the Petition of Right presented?

A

1628

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22
Q

What was the Petition of Right?

A

A document asking parliament to reverse the decision made in the five knights case, citizens not to be asked to pay forced loans, imprisoned without trial, subjected to marital law or forced to provide free lodgings to soldiers.

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23
Q

What was Charles’ revised Petition of Right?

A

Asserted his right to continue collecting Tonnage and Poundage without a parliamentary grant and imprisoned any merchants who refused by emergency powers of national interest.

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24
Q

What is an example of Charles using emergency powers of national interest?

A

Richard Chambers was granted bail by the common law courts, Charles had him imprisoned by the Prerogative Court of the Star Chamber on direct royal authority.

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25
Q

Who did Charles promote showing his religious sympathies?

A

Richard Montagu
William Laud as Bishop of London

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26
Q

Who was Buckingham assassinated by?

A

John Felton

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27
Q

Where was Buckingham assassinated?

A

When reviewing his fleet at Portsmouth

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28
Q

Why did Charles adjourn parliament in 1629?

A

When parliament began to look into breaches of the Petition, and the treatment of merchants who refused to pay Tonnage and Poundage.

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29
Q

When was Charles’ personal rule?

A

1629-40

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30
Q

When did Laud become Archbishop of Canterbury?

A

1633

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31
Q

When was Wentworth appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland?

A

1632

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32
Q

When did Charles sign the Treaty of Madrid?

A

1630

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33
Q

What did the Treaty of Madrid do?

A

Ended hostilities with Spain

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34
Q

What was Charles’ annual spending on war in the years 1625-29?

A

£500,000

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35
Q

What did Charles’ annual spending on war in the 1630s reduce to?

A

Less than £70,000

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36
Q

When did Charles issue a soap monopoly?

A

1634

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37
Q

What did Charles claim about the soap monopoly?

A

It would improve the quality and supply

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38
Q

Why did soap monopolies become the subject of public debate in 1641?

A

Opponents claimed that many people had been driven out of business and prices to the public had significantly increased in order to benefit the king’s revenues.

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39
Q

What did the annual levy of ship money eventually become?

A

About £200,000 a year to the Exchequer

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40
Q

When did ship money become an annual tax?

A

1636

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41
Q

What was the distraint of knighthood?

A

A medieval custom where all those with land over £40 per annum were expected to be knighted by the monarch.

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42
Q

What happened to those who failed to present themselves at Charles coronation due to the distraint of knighthood.

A

They were fined

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43
Q

How many were find due to the distraint of knighthood?

A

Over 9,000

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44
Q

When was the tax campaign in Yorkshire?

A

1634

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45
Q

What was the tax campaign in Yorkshire?

A

A brief campaign against the tax in Yorkshire, but gained little support when the Exchequer judges supported Charles’ right to collect the tax.

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46
Q

Under Laud’s changes, what happened to those who refused to conform?

A

Brought before the Church courts or the prerogative Court of High Commission and if they failed to conform they were deprived of their livings

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47
Q

Why did the number of clergy forced out not rise greatly in the 1630s?

A

It excludes the hundred or more clergy who chose to emigrate to the Puritan colonies of New England in America.

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48
Q

What was forbidden to Purtian gentry under Laud’s changes?

A

The right to appoint the local minister or the right to collect the tithes that formed his salary.

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49
Q

What Puritan group was forced to disband?

A

Feoffees

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50
Q

What did Feoffees do?

A

Organised the practice to ensure the appointment of the Puritan clergy.

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51
Q

How did Churches change physically?

A

Churches were decorated with statues and colour, organs were restored, and the alter was moved to the east end of the Church in order for a traditional communion to take place.

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52
Q

When did Hampden refuse to pay his ship money?

A

1636

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53
Q

When was Hampden trialled?

A

1637

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54
Q

When did the council reach a desition about Hamden’s case?

A

1638

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55
Q

What was the result of Hampden’s case?

A

The judges in the Court of the King’s Bench found in favour of the king by 7 to 5

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56
Q

When was the case of Burton, Bastwick and Prynne?

A

1637

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57
Q

What was the case of Burton, Bastwick and Prynne?

A

The Star Chamber sentenced three Puritan writers who had published attacks on the government to have their ears cut off and be branded on the cheeks before being imprisoned at the king’s pleasure.

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58
Q

When was William Juxton, Bishop of London appointed to the post of Lord Treasurer?

A

1636

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59
Q

Why did Ship Money fall 20% of what was expected in 1639?

A

The Privy Council and county sheriffs were increasingly distracted and overburdened by the need to raise an army to fight in Scotland.

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60
Q

When did Charles issue a Book of Canons to the Scottish clergy?

A

1636

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61
Q

What did the Book of Canons outline?

A

Instructions as to how they should lay out their churches and introduced a number of practices associated with the Church of England

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62
Q

When was the English Prayer Book introduced to Scottish Churches?

A

1637

63
Q

What happened when the Prayer Book was first read in St. Giles’ Cathedral, Edinburgh?

A

A riot broke out. Disorder spread across the lowlands

64
Q

What did the Scottish clergy and Nobility do in 1638?

A

Met and drew up a National Covenant to defend the Kirk and restore religious rights.

65
Q

What did Charles have to rely on when raising an army against the Covenanters? Why?

A

The county militias from England, due to a lack of money

66
Q

When was the Treaty of Berwick signed?

A

1639

67
Q

What was the Treaty of Berwick?

A

Ended the first Bishops War

68
Q

Why was there a taxpayers strike in 1639-40?

A

Many of the gentry were unhappy was the idea of funding a war with the Scots.

69
Q

What did Wentworth advise Charles do when he was unable to raise money for the second bishops war?

A

Call a parliament

70
Q

When did the Short Parliament assemble?

A

April 1640

71
Q

Why did Charles dissolve the short parliament after three weeks?

A

Charles demanded money causing the Commons to enter into a series of debates

72
Q

What was Charles’ army like during the second bishops war?

A

Ill-organised and under-equipped

73
Q

What did Charles’ army do during the second bishops war?

A

Sympathised with the Scots and occupied themselves burning alter rails and other symbols associated with Catholicism.

74
Q

When was Charles defeated during the second bishops war?

A

Battle of Newburn

75
Q

What was the Treaty of Ripon?

A

Forced Charles to pay the Scots £850 a day while they occupied Newcastle.

76
Q

When was the Treaty of Ripon?

A

October 1640

77
Q

When were Wentworth and Laud arrested and impeached?

A

November 1640

78
Q

When did Parliament introduce the Triennial Act?

A

February 1641

79
Q

What was the Triennial Act?

A

Laid down and obligation for Charles to call parliament at least once every three years.

80
Q

When was Strafford put on trial?

A

April 1641

81
Q

What is an Act of Attainder?

A

A death warrant. Only requires a suspicion of guilt, and as long as it is passed by both Houses and signed by the monarch no trial was required.

82
Q

Why was an Act of Attainder used against Strafford?

A

Knew that the House of Lords would not find him guilty

83
Q

When was Strafford beheaded?

A

May 1641

84
Q

How did Pym get the Act of Attainder to be passed against Strafford?

A

Pym revealed the existence of the First Army Plot

85
Q

What was the First Army Plot?

A

A plot by Catholic army officers to release Strafford and dissolve parliament by force.

86
Q

When did Pym push for more constitutional changes?

A

June 1641

87
Q

What constitutional changes did Pym push for?

A

The abolition of the Prerogative Courts and the abolition of Ship Money

88
Q

What are Constitutional Royalists?

A

A ‘middle group’ of moderates

89
Q

What are the Ten Propositions?

A

Included significant extensions of parliamentary power, such as the right to approve the king’s advisers and measures to protect themselves from royal vengeance.

90
Q

What were the rumours of the Irish Catholic rebellion?

A

A growing rising and attacks on Protestant settlers. At least 200,000 deaths and the landing of an Irish army in north-west England.

91
Q

How many died in the Irish Catholic rebellion?

A

Only a few thousand deaths

92
Q

How did Charles handle the Irish Catholic rebellion?

A

Charles remained in Scotland until November

93
Q

When was the Grand Remonstrance?

A

22nd November 1641

94
Q

What was the grand remonstrance?

A

A document which asserted much of what had been outlined in the ten propositions.

95
Q

How many votes did the grand remonstrance pass in the Commons by?

A

11 votes

96
Q

Why did Charles want to impeach the opposition leaders?

A

In early January 1642, rumours reached the king that Pym was planning to impeach the queen.

97
Q

What did Charles do on 3rd January 1642?

A

Ordered the House of Lords to begin impeachment proceedings against the opposition leaders.

98
Q

What did Charles do on 4th January 1642?

A

He arrived at the House of Commons with a warrant for the arrest of 5 leading members including Pym and Hampden, backed by an armed escort of 300 soldiers.

99
Q

What was the result of Charles attacking to Commons in January 1642?

A

The five members had been warned and had already taken refuge in the city.

100
Q

What did Charles do by 10th January 1642?

A

The king abandoned London for the safety of his family and retired to Hampton court. From there he would more the court to York.

101
Q

When were the nineteen propositions issued?

A

June 1642

102
Q

What were the nineteen propositions?

A

The basis for a negotiated settlement between king and parliament with a list of demands such as parliament overseeing the kings children’s education

103
Q

When are where did the king declare war against parliament?

A

Nottingham in August 1642

104
Q

Who did Charles have support from in the years 1642-43?

A

The majority of the gentry and the nobility

105
Q

Who was Charles assisted by which helped in the civil war?

A

His nephews, Prince Rupert of the Rhine and Maurice of Nassau, both had experience fighting in the Thirty Years War

106
Q

When was the Battle of Edgehill?

A

October 1642

107
Q

Who won the Battle of Edgehill?

A

Royalist forces

108
Q

How did Pym maintain parliament’s forces? When?

A

In 1643, Pym established an exercise tax in the parliamentary areas.

109
Q

What did the ‘peace party’ want?

A

To negotiate a settlement with Charles, from making the kind of concessions Charles required.

110
Q

What did Pym get the Commons and the Scottish forces to sign?

A

A Solemn League and Covenant

111
Q

What did the signing of a Solemn League and Covenant do?

A

Brought an effective and experienced force to the aid of parliament’s forces in the North.

112
Q

When was the battle at Marston Moor?

A

July 1644

113
Q

Who won the battle at Marston Moor?

A

Parliamentary forces

114
Q

How did parliament win the battle at Marston Moor?

A

Help from the Scottish army

115
Q

How many were apart of the New Model Army?

A

22,000 men

116
Q

Who led the New Model Army?

A

Sir Thomas Fairfax

117
Q

Why was Sir Thomas Fairfax a good choice as leader of the New Model Army?

A

Had proven his talent as a soldier, and had little interest in politics, making him acceptable for both the ‘peace’ and ‘war’ parties that had emerged in parliament.

118
Q

Who was cavalry commander of the New Model Army?

A

Oliver Cromwell

119
Q

When was the battle of Naseby?

A

June 1645

120
Q

Who won the battle of Naseby?

A

Parliament

121
Q

How did parliament win the battle of Naseby?

A

The New Model Army.
More trained, discipline and had better leadership. Army of the godly

122
Q

When did Charles surrender to the Scots?

A

April 1646

123
Q

When was Laud executed?

A

1645

124
Q

Where was Charles held by the Scots?

A

Newcastle

125
Q

When did the Scots hand Charles over to the English?

A

February 1647

126
Q

When were the Newcastle propositions presented?

A

July 1646

127
Q

What were the Newcastle Propositions?

A

Parliament would nominate the key officers of state
Parliament would control the militia for 20 years
Bishops would be abolished and a Presbyterian Church would be created for an experimental three years

128
Q

What was the main concern of the soldiers from the New Model A rmy?

A

Areas of pay had not been given to them and despite Cromwell speaking in their defence, parliament voted to disband the army without pay.

129
Q

What did the army as a political rival become known as?

A

Agitators

130
Q

Who did the General Council consist of?

A

Officers and Agitators

131
Q

What was the Representation of the Army?

A

Demanded the expulsion of 11 Presbyterian MPs and reasonable religious toleration, as well as fresh elections with a wider electorate.

132
Q

When was the Representation of the Army published?

A

Mid June 1647

133
Q

Who made the Representation of the Army?

A

Henry Ireton, Cromwell’s son-in-law

134
Q

When was the Heads of the Proposals presented to Charles?

A

2nd August 1647

135
Q

Who drafted the Heads of the Proposals?

A

Henry Ireton

136
Q

What were in the Heads of the Proposals?

A
  1. The Triennial Act would be repealed and replaced with Biennial parliaments
  2. Parliament would nominate key officers of state for 10 years
  3. Parliament would control the militia for 10 years
  4. There would be continued use of bishops in the Church but a restriction on their coercive powers.
137
Q

What triggered the second civil war?

A

The Scots entered England

138
Q

When did the Scots enter England triggering the second civil war?

A

April 1648

139
Q

What was the outcome of the second Civil War?

A

The Scots were easily defeated by Cromwell

140
Q

When were the Scots defeated by Cromwell in the second Civil War?

A

August 1648

141
Q

When did the army present a Remonstrance to the Commons?

A

20th November

142
Q

Who was the Remonstrance written by?

A

Ireton

143
Q

What did the Remonstrance outline?

A

Demanded that Charles be brought to justice

144
Q

Why did Cromwell believe Charles had betrayed the trust of his people in the eyes of God?

A

By deliberately renewing the war in 1648

145
Q

What did Parliament send to Charles as a final demand?

A

Four bills which consisted of a slightly modified version of the Newcastle Propositions

146
Q

What did Charles reply to the four bills sent to him by parliament?

A

That he would consider allowing parliament to have some control over the militia, although he had already confided to his friends that he had no intention of standing by his answer

147
Q

When was the Commons surrounded by soldiers from the regiment of Colonel Thomas Pride?

A

5th December 1648

148
Q

How many MPs were excluded who supported further negotiations with the king?

A

186 MPs

149
Q

How many were arrested who had been active in promoting further discussions with the king?

A

45 MPs

150
Q

After the arrest and exclusion of many MPs who supported negotiations with Charles, how many were left and what did this create?

A

This created a ‘Rump’ House of 240

151
Q

How many of the ‘Rump’ House became actively involved in the trial of Charles?

A

71

152
Q

What was created to try Charles?

A

A High Court of Justice

153
Q

When was Charles found guilty?

A

27th January 1649

154
Q

When was Charles beheaded?

A

30th January 1649

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