Charles I and parliament, 1625-29 Flashcards

1
Q

How many parliaments did Charles I call in order to secure finance for his foreign policy?

A

Three - indicates that Charles’ relationship with parliament had rapidly deteriorated.

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2
Q

Which religion did Charles I openly support?

A

Arminianism - a form of protestantism, alienated the majority of the political class (those who had economic, social and political influence).

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3
Q

Why did many view Arminianism as dangerous?

A

As it was close to Catholicism - high level of anti-Catholic sentiment.

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4
Q

How Charles I’s support for Arminianism shown?

A

1625 - Promoted the Arminian Richard Montagu to his royal chaplain in the face of parliamentary calls for Montagu’s impeachment
1626 - Allowing his favourite, the Duke of Buckingham, to state his favour for Arminianism at the York House Conference
1628 - Making the Arminian William Laud the Bishop of London

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5
Q

Why was Charles’ foreign policy was a failure?

A

in 1625, he called parliament to fund an attack on the Spanish, but the raid on Cadiz was a disaster

  • He sought to help the Protestant French Huguenots, and his forces where again defeated at La Rochelle in 1627
  • Both these defeats were regarded as national humiliations
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6
Q

Where was Parliament’s anger directed at, following the foreign policy failures?

A

Duke of Buckingham - as he had overseen foreign policy - Parliament wanted him impeached - Charles refused to sacrifice Buckingham as a scapegoat.

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7
Q

When was the Duke of Buckingham assassinated, and how did the public react? How did Charles I react?

A

1628 - the public rejoiced at his death - it merely increased Charles’ hostility towards parliament.

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8
Q

What did Charles I need to do in order to finance foreign policy?

A

Raise additional income through taxation - in 1625 parliament agreed to two subsidies amounting to £140,000 - but Charles needed £1 million - so he asked the commons for more.

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9
Q

Why did Charles dissolve parliament in 1626?

A

They refused to give him more money to finance foreign policy.

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10
Q

How did Charles go about raising income after dissolving parliament?

A
  • He levied a forced loan worth five subsidies, which was taxation that had not been agreed by parliament - caused a significant amount of resentment.
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11
Q

What happened to five knights how refused to pay, and what resulted from this?

A

There were imprisoned and refused bail - became known as the Five Knights case - there was now a clear indication of Charles’ absolutist intentions - not only was he taxing without consent but was also imprisoning as he wished.

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12
Q

What did Charles’ policies in religion, foreign policy and finance lead many MPs to assert?

A

That the king was acting illegally and contrary to the established forms of government.

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13
Q

What did Charles do when he called his third parliament in 1628?

A

He demanded the immediate granting of taxes to continue the wars - but MPs decided that no Monet would be granted unless their various grievances were addressed.

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14
Q

What do Charles’ third parliament do when summoned?

A

They presented their grievances in the Petition of Right.

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15
Q

What were the terms of the Petition of Right of 1628?

A
  • There should be no taxation without the consent of parliament
  • There should be no imprisonment without cause shown
  • There should be no billeting of soldiers or sailors upon householders against their will
  • There should be no martial law to punish ordinary offences by sailors or soldiers
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16
Q

When and why did Charles I accept the Petition of Right

A

7 June 1628 - he was desperate for parliamentary funds

17
Q

But Charles written reply about the Petition of Right…

A

did not use the traditional form of words and thus denied the Petition lawful status - the Commons insisted on the correct response and Charles eventually gave.

18
Q

What did Charles’ reaction to the Petition of Right force MPs to do?

A

To make a more direct statement of their concerns with the Three Resolutions of 2 March 1629, which denounced Arminianism and encouraged merchants to refuse to pay tonnage and poundage.

19
Q

What did Charles I announce on 10 March 1629?

A

The dissolution of parliament - he resolved to govern without them and embarked upon 11 years of Personal Rule.