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Polymer Engineering > Characterization, Analysis, And Testing > Flashcards

Characterization, Analysis, And Testing Flashcards

1
Q

A technique used to determine the molecular properties, structure, and behavior of polymers.

A

Polymerization Characterization

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2
Q

Involves a count of the number of molecules of each species, NiMi, summed over i, divided by the total number of molecules.

A

Number-Average Molecular Weight

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3
Q

Commonly used as a simple measure of the polydispersity of the polymer sample.

A

Polydispersity Index (PDI)

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4
Q

Enumeration.
Determination of Molecular Weight.

A
  1. End-group Analysis
  2. Measurement of Colligative Properties
  3. Light Scattering
  4. Ultracentrifugation
  5. Dilute Solution Viscometry
  6. Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
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5
Q

A chemical method use for calculating the number-average molecular weight of polymer samples whose molecules contain reactive functional groups at one end or both ends of the molecule.

A

End-group Analysis

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6
Q

Properties of solutions that depend on the number of molecules present and not on the kind of molecules

A

Colligative Properties

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7
Q

In applying this method, the boiling point of a solution of known concentration is compared to that of the solvent at the same pressure.

A

Ebulliometry (Boiling Point Elevation)

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8
Q

Calculation of the freezing-point depression of the solvent and hence the molecular weight of the solute by this method proceeds exactly the same way as for the boiling point elevation .

A

Cryoscopy (Freezing Point Depression)

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9
Q

A technique for the determination of molecular masses of polymers by means of osmosis. The phenomenon of osmosis describes the attempt of solvent molecules to go through a semipermeable membrane into a solution.

A

Membrane Osmometry

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10
Q

A technique that measures the intensity of the scattered light to obtain the average molecular weight Mw of a macromolecule like a polymer or a protein in solution.

A

Static Light Scattering

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11
Q

The measure of the opposing force of material to flow.

A

Viscometry

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12
Q

The most common type of viscometer that is used for the determination of viscosity of polymer solution.

A

Ubbeholde Viscometer

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13
Q

A process for the separation of polymer molecules according to their size.

A

Gel Permeation Chromatography

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14
Q

Used to purify and characterize low molecular weight polymers.

A

Ultracentrifugation

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15
Q

Proved to be a rapid and precise method of molecular weight determination, often requiring as little as a half hour per sample

A

Gel Permeation Chromatography

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16
Q

A microscale property that is largely dictated by the amorphous or crystalline portions of the polymer chains and their influence on each other.

A

Polymer Morphology

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17
Q

The polymer is allowed to react to form low molecular weight fragments that are condensed at liquid-air temperature.

A

Mass Spectrometry

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18
Q

An ionization technique that uses a laser energy-absorbing matrix to create ions from large molecules with minimal fragmentation.

A

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI)

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19
Q

A method of separation in which gaseous or vaporized components are distributed between a moving gas phase and fixed liquid phase or solid adsorbent.

A

Gas Chromatography

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20
Q

Analysis of infrared light interacting with a molecule. This can be analyzed in three ways by measuring absorption, emission and reflection.

A

Infrared Spectroscopy.

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21
Q

A non-destructive analytical technique that measures the absorption or transmission of infrared radiation by a sample as a function of frequency or wavelength.

A

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

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22
Q

A powerful analytical technique used to study the molecular structure, dynamics, and composition of organic and inorganic compounds.

A

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)

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23
Q

It works by measuring the presence of paramagnetic ions or molecules with unpaired electrons, and by observing the resonant absorption of microwaves within a static magnetic field.

A

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

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24
Q

It is used to study the absorption of ultraviolet and visible light by polymer molecules.

A

Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis)

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25
Q

An analytical technique used to study molecular vibrations in materials by measuring the scattering of light when it interacts with a sample.

A

Raman Spectroscopy

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26
Q

A non-destructive technique that provides detailed information about the crystallographic structure, chemical composition, and physical properties of a material.

A

X-ray Diffraction Analysis

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27
Q

A category of microscopes that uses visible light to magnify and image small samples.

A

Light Microscope

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28
Q

A technique used to observe the orientation of molecules in a sample under a microscope.

A

Polarized-light Microscopy

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29
Q

A type of microscopy that uses interference patterns produced by the incoherent light scattered by specimens to create an image.

A

Phase-contrast Microscopy

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30
Q

A microscope that uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination.

A

Electron Microscopy

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31
Q

A type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.

A

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

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32
Q

A type of electron microscope that transmits electrons through a thin sample, resulting in an image of the sample’s interior structure at the atomic level.

A

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

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33
Q

A thermoanalytical technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is measured as a function of temperature.

A

Differential Scanning Calorimetry

34
Q

The material under study and an inert reference are made to undergo identical thermal cycles while recording any temperature difference between sample and reference.

A

Differential Thermal Analysis

35
Q

A sensitive balance is used to follow the weight change of the sample as a function of temperature.

A

Thermogravimetric Analysis

36
Q

Measures the mechanical response of a polymer system as the temperature is changed.

A

Thermochemical Analysis

37
Q

This is usually done by measuring continuously the force developed as the sample is elongated at constant rate of extension.

A

Stress-Strain Properties in Tension

38
Q

The maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking.

A

Tensile Strength

39
Q

A material property and is the stress corresponding to the yield at which the material begins to deform plastically.

A

Yield Strength

40
Q

A mechanical property of solid materials that measures the tensile or compressive stiffness when the force is applied lengthwise.

A

Young Modulus

41
Q

A measure of the stress or force that is applied in a direction parallel to the surface of a material

A

Shear Stress

42
Q

The force per unit area perpendicular to the plane of shearing force.

A

Shear Stress

43
Q

Refers to the bending or storage of stress or strain in a material

A

Flexure

44
Q

A mechanical phenomenon that occurs when force is applied to a flexible material.

A

Flexure

45
Q

The force that is responsible for the deformation of the material such that the volume of the material reduces.

A

Compressive Stress

46
Q

Is the stress experienced by a material which leads to a smaller volume.

A

Compressive Stress

47
Q

True or False.
High compressive stress leads to failure of the material due to tension.

A

True

48
Q

The twisting of an object due to an applied torque.

A

Torsion

49
Q

When subjected to cyclic mechanical stresses, most materials fail at a stress considerably lower than that required to cause rupture in a single stress cycle.

A

Fatigue

50
Q

Measures the ability of a material to resist deformation in response to a sudden load.

A

Impact Test

51
Q

Occurs if the material behaves elastically up to the point of failure.

A

Brittle Rupture

52
Q

Occurs when the specimen is permanently distorted near the point of failure.

A

Ductile Rupture

53
Q

The temperature at the onset of brittleness, is usually determined by subjecting a specimen to impact in a standardized but empirical way.

A

Brittle Point

54
Q

From the travel of the pendulum after breaking the specimen can be calculated the energy required to cause the break.

A

Impact Strength

55
Q

True or False.
When plastics are used as films, particularly in packaging applications, their resistance to tearing is an important property.

A

True

56
Q

A composite property combining concepts of resistance to penetration, scratching, marring, and so on.

A

Hardness

57
Q

Usually takes the form of a scratch test.

A

Abrasion Resistance

58
Q

Defined as the temperature at which the resins flow under a given load on heating.

A

Softening Temperature

59
Q

A polymer sample becomes molten and leaves a trail when moved across a hot metal surface with moderate pressure.

A

Polymer Melt or Stick Temperature Test

60
Q

A polymer specimen fails in tension under its own weight.

A

Zero-strength Temperature Test

61
Q

The burning rate of a specified sample.

A

Flammability

62
Q

The ratio of the intensities of light passing through and light incident on the specimen.

A

Transmittance

63
Q

The ratio of the intensities of the reflected and the incident light.

A

Reflectance

64
Q

One that transmit part and reflects part of the light incident on it.

A

Translucent

65
Q

The subjective sensation in the brain resulting from the perception of those aspects of the appearance of objects that result from the spectral composition of the light reaching the eye.

A

Color

66
Q

The geometrically selective reflectance of a surface responsible for its shiny or lustrous appearance.

A

Gloss

67
Q

For transparent materials, it is the percentage of transmitted light that in passing through the specimen deviates from the incident beam by forward.

A

Haze

68
Q

The state permitting perception of objects through or beyond the specimen.

A

Transparency

69
Q

Refers to their degree of clarity or opacity, or how much they allow light to pass through them.

A

Transparency of Polymers

70
Q

Refers to the ability of a polymer material to resist the flow of electrical current.

A

Resistivity

71
Q

A measure of a material’s ability to store electric charge.

A

Dielectric Constant

72
Q

Measure of its ability to sustain high-voltage differences without current breakdown.

A

Dielectric Strength

73
Q

The ability of the plastic material to resist the action of a high voltage electrical arc and resist the formation of a conducting path along its surface under a given time.

A

Arc Resistance

74
Q

The absorption of water.

A

Swelling

75
Q

The specimen fails by breaking when exposed to mechanical stress in the presence of an organic liquid of an aqueous solution of a soap or other wetting agent.

A

Environmental Stress Cracking

76
Q

A specimen fails by the development of a multitude of very small cracks in the presence of an organic liquid or its vapor, with or without the presence of mechanical stress.

A

Crazing

77
Q

The product of the solubility of the gas or vapor in the polymer and its diffusion coefficient.

A

Permeability of a Polymer to Gas or Vapor

78
Q

Directly measured as the rate of transfer of vapor through unit thickness of the polymer in film form, per unit area and the pressure difference across the film.

A

Permeability

79
Q

The ability of a polymer material to allow certain gases or vapors to pass through it.

A

Vapor Permeability

80
Q

The process of degradation of polymers or large molecules due to exposure to external factors such as sunlight, temperature, and chemicals.

A

Weathering

Polymer Engineering (6 decks)

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