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ZOO 121 > Chapters Twelve, Thirteen, Fourteen: Final Exam > Flashcards

Chapters Twelve, Thirteen, Fourteen: Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

atmosphere

A

four layers of gases that surround the earth

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2
Q

troposphere

A

bottom layer of the atmosphere, seven miles deep

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3
Q

stratosphere

A

from seven to thirty one miles high, second layer of atmosphere

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4
Q

ozone

A

O3 present in the stratosphere

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5
Q

mesosphere

A

from the top of the stratosphere to 56 miles above earth, third layer

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6
Q

thermosphere

A

outer space

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7
Q

weather

A

the day-to-day pattern of precipitation, temperature, wind, barometric pressure, and humidity

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8
Q

climate

A

long-term weather pattern of a particular region

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9
Q

albedo

A

reflectivity of the earth’s surface

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10
Q

emissivity

A

capacity of a surface to radiate heat

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11
Q

air pollutant

A

any substance present in or released to the atmosphere

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12
Q

primary pollutants

A

emitted directly into the atmosphere

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13
Q

secondary pollutants

A

primary pollutants react with other things to form this

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14
Q

climate change

A

a shift in the Earth’s long-term weather patterns caused by the greenhouse effect

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15
Q

stratospheric ozone depletion

A

chemicals capable of destroying ozone accumulate in the upper atmosphere

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16
Q

acid surges

A

periods of short, intense acid deposition in lakes and streams

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17
Q

industrial smog

A

smoke pollution

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18
Q

photochemical smog

A

produced when volatile organic compounds react with nitrogen oxides and oxygen in the presence of sunlight

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19
Q

hazardous air pollutants

A

commonly called air toxics, group of chemical substances known or suspected of causing cancer

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20
Q

indoor air pollution

A

airborne contaminants present inside homes

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21
Q

rain shadow effect

A

only one side of a mountain gets precipitation

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22
Q

emission standards

A

limits on the amount of each pollutant that could be emitted by specific point sources

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23
Q

national ambient air quality standards

A

recommended limits on air pollution

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24
Q

surface water

A

bodies of water that are recharged by precipitation

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25
Q

runoff

A

precipitation that flows from high to lo elevation

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26
Q

watershed

A

the runoff area of a particular body of water

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27
Q

standing water habitats

A

relatively closed ecosystems with well-defined boundaries

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28
Q

oligotrophic lakes

A

low nutrients and are clear, deep blue in color, cold and deep with rocky bottoms

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29
Q

eutrophic lakes

A

warmer, lower oxygen content, muddy or sandy bottoms, much more productive

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30
Q

littoral zone

A

shallow, near shore area where rooted plants grow

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31
Q

limnetic zone

A

light can penetrate and support plankton populations

32
Q

profundal zone

A

not enough light for photosynthesis in this section, organisms in this area rely on food that filters down from above

33
Q

thermal stratification

A

separation of water of different temperatures

34
Q

epilimnion

A

warm surface waters heated by the sun

35
Q

hypolimnion

A

colder, denser water that sinks to the bottom

36
Q

thermocline

A

the temperature gradient between layers

37
Q

running water habitats

A

streams and rivers continuously moving

38
Q

aquifer

A

a water-bearing geologic formation composed of layers of sedimentary material

39
Q

water table

A

the depth at which the aquifer begins

40
Q

unconfined

A

the material above the aquifer is permeable, allowing water to move into the water table

41
Q

confined

A

aquifer topped with an impermeable layer so water can’t get in

42
Q

euphotic zone

A

the area that light can penetrate in the ocean

43
Q

neritic zone

A

the part of the euphotic zone that lies on the continental shelf

44
Q

pelagic zone

A

the deep water of the open oceans

45
Q

abyssal zone

A

the deepest part of the ocean

46
Q

biological oxygen demand

A

a measure of the amount of oxygen needed to decompose organic matter in water

47
Q

water stress

A

the episodic lack of renewable freshwater

48
Q

adsorption

A

when organic compounds bind or stick to carbon particles but do not chemically combine with them

49
Q

overdraft

A

removing more water from a source than can be naturally replenished

50
Q

water mining

A

severe overdrafts

51
Q

humus

A

partially decomposed organic matter

52
Q

soil fertility

A

mineral and organic content

53
Q

soil productivity

A

ability to sustain life, especially vegetation

54
Q

tilth

A

the arrangement of soil particles, how they cling together

55
Q

macroclimate

A

average weather pattern including precipitation and temperature

56
Q

microclimate

A

weather conditions just above the surface of the ground

57
Q

soil horizons

A

layers in soils

58
Q

soil profiles

A

vertical series of soil horizons

59
Q

topsoil

A

A horizon directly below the surface litter, most fertile part of the topsoil

60
Q

zone of leaching

A

the E horizon lying between the topsoil and the less fertile layers below

61
Q

subsoil of B horizon

A

not as fertile as the topsoil but deeprooted plants can draw water, minerals and oxygen from it

62
Q

soil loss tolerance level

A

the amount of soil that can be lost through erosion without a decline in fertility

63
Q

sustainable agriculture

A

farming that maintains the fertility and productivity of soil while ensuring a stable and healthy food supply

64
Q

green manure

A

vegetation left on the ground or tilled under to fertilize the soil

65
Q

windbreak

A

a row or group of trees and shrubs planted along the windward side of a field to reduce wind erosion

66
Q

ridge tilling

A

planting a crop on top of raised ridges

67
Q

low-till planting

A

tilling only once leaving 50 percent or more of previous crop residue on the ground’s surface

68
Q

no-till planting

A

crops are planted amid stubble from the year before’s crop

69
Q

strip cropping

A

the alternation of rows of grain with low-growing leaf crops or sod offering greater protection to the soil

70
Q

contour plowing

A

tilling the soil in parallel to the natural contours of the land rather than in straight rows

71
Q

contour terracing

A

used on steep slopes, level plateaus built into the hillside

72
Q

trickle drip irrigation

A

the delivery of water through permeable or perforated pipes directly onto the soil surrounding the base of the plants

73
Q

integrated pest management

A

using traps or by hand methods to attract and catch pests

74
Q

perennial polyculture

A

growing a mixture of self-sustaining crops

75
Q

germ plasm

A

the hereditary material of an organism

76
Q

charismatic megafauna

A

large animal species that have symbolic value “save the pandas”

ZOO 121 (3 decks)

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