Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ZOO 121 > Chapters One Through Six: Exam One > Flashcards

Chapters One Through Six: Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

acute pollution effects

A

occur immediately upon or shortly after the introduction of a pollutant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

anthropogenic

A

human-induced ecosystem degradation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

bioaccumulation

A

storage of chemicals in an organism in higher concentrations than normally found in nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

biodegradable

A

materials that can be broken down and rendered harmless by living systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

biomagnification

A

accumulation of chemicals in organisms in increasingly higher concentrations at successive trophic levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chronic pollution effects

A

act in the long term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cross-media pollutant

A

move from one medium to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

deforestation

A

cutting down and clearing away of forests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

desertification

A

land degradation in arid, semi-arid, or dry subhumid regions resulting mainly from adverse human impact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ecosystem damage

A

an adverse alteration of a natural system’s integrity, diversity, or productivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ecosystem destruction

A

the conversion of a natural system to a less complex human system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ecosystem disruption

A

a rapid change in species composition of a community that can be traced directly to a specific human activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

fragmentation

A

patchwork of cropland, logging roads, and smaller discrete forest areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

frontier forests

A

expansive tracts of contiguous forests largely untouched by human activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

non biodegradable

A

materials that enter a system in a form unusable by the organisms present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

nonpoint-source pollution

A

pollution that cannot be traced to a specific source but comes from many generalized sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

persistent pollutant

A

pollutant that accumulates in natural systems over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

phototoxicity

A

pollutants become more damaging in sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

point-source pollution

A

emitted from an identifiable, specific source or point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pollutant

A

substance or form of energy that adversly alters the physical, chemical, or biological quality of natural systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

salinization

A

the build-up of salts in the soil

sign of desertification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

siltation

A

process by which soil erodes from land surfaces and accumulates in streams and lakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

synergistic effect

A

pollutants whose combined effect is more harmful than the sum of their individual effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

biotic potential

A

the maximum growth rate that a population could achieve, given unlimited resources and ideal environmental conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

carrying capacity

A

when the population size can best be supported by the environment over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

climax community

A

the association of organisms best adapted to the physical conditions of a defined geographic area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

commensalism

A

the association of two species in which one benefits and the other is neither helped or harmed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

different species with similar requirements sometimes compete to the elimination of one of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

density-independent factor

A

abiotic and independent of population size, normally set limits on populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

density-dependent factor

A

biotic, their effect is greater when the population density is high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

diversity-stability hypothesis

A

biodiversity promotes resistance to disturbance because species differ in their traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

the property of constant adjustment to change, maintaining an overall balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

ecological succession

A

the process by which an ecosystem matures; it is the gradual, sequential, and somewhat predictable change in the composition of the community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

ecosystem development

A

takes into account the accompanying modifications in the physical environment brought about by the actions of living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

ecotone

A

zone of transition and intense competition

edge communities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

environmental resistance

A

limiting factors that exert controlling influence on population size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

feedback

A

any factor that influences the same trend that produced it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

inertia

A

the ability of an ecosystem to resist change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition between members of different species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

intraspecific competition

A

competition between members of the same species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

mutualism

A

an association of two species in which both benefit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

negative feedback

A

any output that interferes with the trend which produced it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

niche

A

the complete ecological description of an individual species, including all the physical, chemical, and biological factors that the species needs to survive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

null hypothesis

A

ecosystem functions or processes are insensitive to the addition or deletion of species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

parasitism

A

the association of two species in which one benefits and the other is harmed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

pioneer species

A

hardy organisms such as lichens and microbes that are capable of becoming established on bare rock and beginning the soil-building process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

positive feedback

A

an output that promotes a trend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

predation

A

one species consumes another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

primary succession

A

the development of a new ecosystem in an area previously devoid of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

redundancy hypothesis

A

there is considerable overlap in the roles that species play within an ecosystem
so some species can be lost without an adverse effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

resiliency

A

the capacity of an ecosystem to undergo change and return to a similar, but not exact, system configuration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

rivet hypothesis

A

species are like rivets that hold together an airplane. some are redundant, but you don’t want to take out too many or it might collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

secondary succession

A

the regrowth that occurs after an ecosystem has been disturbed, often by human activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

symbiosis

A

the intimate association of two dissimilar species, regardless of the benefits or lack of them to both species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

10 Percent Rule

A

only ten percent of the available energy is actually transferred in each step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

aerobic respiration

A

a process requiring oxygen to release energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

a process that does not require oxygen to release energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

biogeochemical cycles

A

materials recycle (h2o, O, C, Ph, N)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

biomass

A

the sum of all living material in a given environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

detritus food web

A

a food web that includes several levels of consumers that derive energy from decomposing plant and animal material or animal waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

ecosystem services

A

flow of energy and cycling of materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

estuary

A

semi-enclosed coastal body of fresh and saline water (example Chesapeake Bay)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

food chain

A

successive steps within an ecosystem illustrating the energy transfers between organisms as a result of consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

food web

A

interlocking food chains woven into complex associations that describe the feeding relationships among organisms in a community and the movements of energy and materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

gaseous cycle

A

circulation of air, mostly carbon and nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

gross primary productivity

A

total energy changed by autotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

hydrologic cycle

A

circulation of h2o through water, air, and land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

net primary productivity

A

the total amount of energy produced each year at the producer level minus what producers need for their own life processes, and thus available to other organisms in the community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into a form of nitrogen usable by plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

pyramid of biomass

A

total amount of living material at each trophic level

71
Q

pyramid of energy

A

production, use and transfer of energy from one trophic level to another

72
Q

pyramid of numbers

A

conceptual tool used to illustrate the tendency toward large population on lower trophic levels and small population on higher trophic levels

73
Q

respiration

A

the process by which organisms produce energy by capturing the chemical energy stored in food

74
Q

sedimentary cycle

A

materials that move between land and oceans, mostly phosphorus and sulfur

75
Q

trophic level

A

a group of organisms with the same relative position in the food chain

76
Q

atom

A

the smallest unit of an element that retains the unique characteristics of that element

77
Q

autotroph

A

self-nourishing organisms. form the basis of the food web

78
Q

biome

A

a major ecological community of organisms usually characterized by the dominant vegetation type

79
Q

biosphere

A

the thin layer of air, water, and soil and rock that surrounds the planet and contains the conditions to support life

80
Q

carnivore

A

organisms that eat only animals

81
Q

chemosynthesis

A

the synthesis of organic compounds within an organism, with the chemical reactions providing the energy source

82
Q

chemotroph

A

producer organisms that use the energy found in inorganic chemical compounds for their energy needs.

83
Q

community

A

all of the populations of organisms that interact in a given area at a given time

84
Q

compound

A

molecules composed of two or more different elements

85
Q

consumer/heterotrophs

A

organisms that cannot produce their own food and eat by engulfing or predigesting the fluids, cells, tissues, or waste products of other organisms

86
Q

decomposer

A

heterotrophs that digest, outside of their cells and bodies, the tissues of dead organisms or waste products

87
Q

detritus feeder/detrivore

A

organisms that consume dead or decaying tissues or organic wastes

88
Q

ecosystem

A

a community of self-sustaining, self-regulating organisms interacting with the physical environment within a defined geographic area

89
Q

element

A

substances that cannot be changed into simpler substances by chemical means

90
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work

91
Q

entrophy

A

a phenomenon where energy constantly flows from a high-quality, concentrated, and organized form to a low-quality, randomly dispersed and disorganized form

92
Q

eutrophication

A

a process of nutrient enrichment of a lake, stream, or estuary by natural or human activities that set in motion a mix of physical, chemical, and biological changes that lead to the natural aging of a body of water

93
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy is neither created nor destroyed

94
Q

habitat

A

the specific environment or geographic region in which a species is found

95
Q

herbivore

A

organisms that eat green plants directly

96
Q

indicator species

A

a species that indicates certain environmental conditions

97
Q

keystone species

A

a species that has a significant role in community organization due to its impact on other species in the community

98
Q

landscape

A

many ecosystems taken together

99
Q

law of the conservation of matter

A

matter is neither created nor destroyed

100
Q

law of tolerances

A

range of abiotic factors within which an organism can survive from the minimum amount of a limiting factor that the organism requires to the maximum amount it can withstand

101
Q

limiting factor

A

abiotic and biotic regulators that determine the distribution and success of living organisms

102
Q

macroconsumer

A

organisms that feed by ingesting or engulfing part or entire bodies of other organisms, living or dead

103
Q

macronutrient

A

chemicals needed by all living organisms in large quantities for the contruction of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

104
Q

matter

A

that which constitutes the substance of physical forms, has mass, occupies space, and can by quatified

105
Q

microconsumer

A

organisms that feed on waste products of living organisms. often called decomposers

106
Q

micronutrient

A

substances needed in trace amounts for the construction of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

107
Q

molecule

A

the smallest physical unit of an element or compound, consisting of one or more like atoms in an element and two or more different atoms in a compound

108
Q

omnivore

A

organisms that consume both plants and animals

109
Q

organic compound

A

a compound that contains carbon

110
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process of using the sun’s light energy to convert CO2 and water into complex carbs like glucose

111
Q

phototroph

A

organisms containing chlorophyll that produce complex chemical bonds through photosynthesis (producers)

112
Q

phytoplankton

A

microschopic floating plants and algae that function as the major producer in aquatic systems

113
Q

population

A

individuals of a particular species with definable group characteristics

114
Q

predator

A

organisms that obtain their food by eating other living organisms

115
Q

prey

A

living organisms that serve as food for other organisms

116
Q

primary consumer

A

in a food chain, organisms that consume producers

117
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

with each change energy is converted into a less usable form

118
Q

scavenger

A

heterotrophs that consume entire dead organisms

119
Q

secondary consumer

A

in a food chain, organisms that consume primary consumers

120
Q

species

A

a group of individuals or populations potentially able to interbreed and unable to produce fertile offspring by breeding with other sorts of animals or plants

121
Q

tertiary consumer

A

in a food chain, organisms such as carnivores and omnivores that eat secondary consumers

122
Q

anthropocentric worldview

A

the belief that humans are not part of nature and that nature is that part of the world devoid of human influence. humans are viewed as having dominion over all living things

123
Q

biocentric worldview

A

the belief that humans are a part of nature and that humans are subject to all natural laws

124
Q

common law

A

a system of law based on custom and past court decisions rather than government decisions

125
Q

cost-benefit analysis

A

a technique used to compare the estimated costs of a proposed project with the estimated benefits gained

126
Q

culture of consumption

A

a culture or society based on the premise that one can never have enough, a belief fueled by advertising

127
Q

ecological economics

A

a trans-disciplinary field of study that addresses the relationshps between ecosystems and economic systems in the broadest sense

128
Q

economic goods

A

products. also known as manufactured capital

129
Q

economic growth

A

an increase in the capacity of the economy to produce goods and services

130
Q

economics

A

the study of the production, consumption and distribution of goods and services

131
Q

economy

A

a system of production, distribution, and consumption of economic goods or services

132
Q

ecosystem services

A

functions or processes of a natural ecosystem that provide benefits to human societies

133
Q

environmental education

A

information and training that awakens a person’s intuitive value of the natural world

134
Q

environmental ethic

A

principles of respect and care for the natural world

135
Q

environmental law

A

a law system organized to use all of the laws in a nation’s legal systems to minimize, prevent, punish, or remedy the consequences of actions that damage or threaten the environment

136
Q

ethics

A

a system or code of morals that governs or shapes attitudes and behavior

137
Q

external costs

A

the harmful social or environmental effects of the production and consumption of an economic good that are not included in the market price of the good

138
Q

frontier ethic

A

belief by american settlers which is still popular today that natural resources are inexhaustible or will regenerate and that exploration will discover new, untapped resources

139
Q

government

A

an established system of administration through which a nation, state or district is ruled

140
Q

gross national product

A

total market value in current dollars of all goods and services produced by an economy during a year

141
Q

human capital

A

skills and labor used to manufacture goods and products

142
Q

human development index

A

for a given country a measure of the average quality of life based on three indicators: life expectancy at birth, literacy rates, and real GNP per capita

143
Q

index of sustainable economic welfare

A

A measure of economic wellbeing that adjusts the per capita GNP according to inequalities in income distribution, resource depletion, loss of wetlands, loss of farmland and the cost of air and water pollution

144
Q

internal costs

A

the direct cost of production

145
Q

land ethic

A

cooperation between humans and other biospheric components

146
Q

mixed economic system

A

an economic system that combines elements of market, command, and traditional systems

147
Q

natural capital

A

natural resources used to manufacture products

148
Q

negligence

A

failure to exercise normal care that causes damage

149
Q

net national product

A

economic indicator that factors in the depletion and destruction of natural resources

150
Q

nuisance

A

the most common cause of action in the field of environmental law

151
Q

precedent

A

a legal case or decision that can serve as an example

152
Q

pure command economy

A

an economic system in which the government makes all the decisions about what and how much to produce and how to distribute goods and services

153
Q

pure market economy

A

laissez-faire

154
Q

real GNP

A

GNP adjusted for any rise in the average price of final goods and services

155
Q

real GNP per capita

A

gives an idea of how the average citizen is fairing economically

156
Q

statutory law

A

body of acts passed by local legislative body

157
Q

steady-state economy

A

an econmy characterized by a constant level of human population and a constant level of artifacts

158
Q

stewardship ethic

A

belief that humans should be caretakers for the natural world

159
Q

stewardship worldview

A

humans have a responsibility to care for the earth

160
Q

sustainability

A

the goal of ecological economics where human activities stay within limits that nature can survive as well

161
Q

sustainable development

A

managing the economy and renewable resources of an area for the common good of the entire community

162
Q

sustainable resource use

A

the use of renewable resources at rates that allow for regrowth

163
Q

throughput

A

the natural capital used to produce economic goals

164
Q

traditional economy

A

self-sufficient economy where people grow and make their own goods

165
Q

abiota

A

non living part of the physical environment

166
Q

biota

A

the living part of the physical environment

167
Q

ecology

A

the study of the structure, function, and behavior of the natural systems that comprise the biosphere

168
Q

global environment

A

the sum of all living organisms, their relationships and their physical surroundings

169
Q

mutation

A

a random change in genetic code that can be passed on to offspring

170
Q

perpetual resource

A

resources that originate from a source that is virtually inexhaustible, like the sun

171
Q

pollutant

A

a substance that adversely affects the physical, chemical, or biological quality of the earth’s living systems

172
Q

resource

A

something that serves a need and is useful

173
Q

speciation

A

the separation of species of plants and animals that were originally able to interbreed

ZOO 121 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions