Chapters Seven Through Eleven: Exam Two Flashcards
energy
the ability to do work
kinetic energy
energy from motion
potential energy
energy in storage
alternative resources
anything other than fossil fuels
energy efficiency
percentage of total energy input that does useful work
net efficiency
efficiency of a process including two or more conversion
fossil fuels
fossilized organic matter
proven reserves
deposits that have been located, measured, and inventoried
subeconomic reserves
reserves that are too expensive to extract
indicated/inferred reserves
deposits that are thought to exist and will probably be used in the future
coal
solid composed primarily of carbon
anthracite
hard coal, highest carbon content and lowest moisture content
bituminous
soft coal, most common in US reserves, heating value lower than anthracite
subbituminous and lignite coal
low heating values, contain low sulfur
petroleum
crude oil, dark liquid composed of hydrocarbon compounds
natural gas
composed of several types of gases: mostly methane with some ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, and octane
associated gas
natural gas when it occurs with petroleum deposit
non associated gas
gas deposits not associated with petroleum
oil shales
fine-grained, compacted sedimentary rocks that contain varying amounts of kerogen
kerogen
combustible organic matter found in oil shales
tar sands
sandstones that contain bitumen
bitumen
a thick, high sulfur, tar-like liquid found in tar sands
acid drainage
when air and water come into contact with sulfur-bearing rock and coal the sulfur forms SO2
overburden
the vegetation, soil and rock layers removed in strip mining
conservation revolution
the limiting of the use of supplies in the US after the events of the 1970s to extend oil supplies
life cycle cost
initial cost plus lifetime operating costs
nuclear energy
the power contained within the nucleus of an atom
binding dress
what holds together the protons and neutrons
isotope
an element that has a different number of neutrons from other varieties of the element
reactor core
hundreds of fuel assemblies
containment vessel
thick-walled container housing the reactor core
passive solar system
relies only on the natural forces of conduction, convection, and radiation to distribute heat
active solar system
uses fans or pumps to enhance the collection and distribution of the sun’s heat
solar pond
a lined cavity filled with water and salt used to produce electricity
photovoltaic cell
generates clean, affordable electricity directly from sunlight, with no boilers, turbines, generators, pipes, or cooling towers
hydropower
the energy of falling water
geothermal energy
heat generated by natural processes occurring beneath Earth’s surface
ocean power
energy derived from the seas
biomass energy
harnessed from organic matter used as fuel
biogas
the gases released by decaying plant matter and animal waste
solid waste
refuse, material rejected or discarded as being spent, useless, worthless, or in excess
actual rate of increase
the true growth rate of a country
age distribution
percentage of the population of each sex at each age level in a population
age-specific fertility rate
the number of live births per 1,000 women of a specific age group per year
crude birth rate
number of live births per 1000 people per year
crude death rate
the number of deaths per 1000 people per year
cultural carrying capacity
the optimal size that the environment can sustain in perpetuity with a given technology, standard of living, and associated patterns of resource use
demography
the statistical study of characteristics of human populations
dependency load
the number of dependents in a population
doubling time
the number of years it takes for a population to double assuming current growth rates remain the same
emigration
migration out of a country or region
environmental refugees
people forced to abandon their homes because the land can no longer support them
general fertility rate
the number of childbirths per 1000 women of childbearing age each year
infant mortality rate
the number of infants who die before age 1 per 1000 births per year
maternal mortality ratio
the number of womens deaths related to pregnancy or childbirth complications per 100,000 live births yearly
migration
movement from one geographic area to another for the purpose of establishing new residence
natural rate of increase
difference between the crude death rate and the crude birth rate expressed as a percentage
negative population growth
a situation in which deaths outnumber births
population density
the number of individuals per unit of space
population momentum
tendency of a population to continue to increase in absolute numbers despite declines in fertility rate due to a large base of childbearing women
population profile
a graphical representation of the age distribution of a population
replacement fertility
the fertility rate needed to ensure that the population is just “replaced” by its offspring
rule of 70
rule for finding the amount go time required for a population to double
total fertility rate
the average number of children a woman will bear during her life
vital statistics
population statistics such as births, deaths, and immigration
zero population growth
the growth rate at which births equal deaths
antinatalist policy
a policy designed to prevent increases in fertility or to lower existing fertility and birth rates
demographic fatigue
a condition brought on by sustained rapid population growth in which the government lacks the resources to effectively deal with natural disasters and disease outbreaks
demographic transition
the movement of a nation from high population growth to low growth as it moves through economic development stages
demographic trap
the inability of a country to pass the second phase of demographic transition
population policy
a government’s planned course of action designed to influence and regulate its constituents choices or decisions on fertility or migration
pronatalist policy
a policy that encourages fertility and higher birth rate
agriculture
the intentional tending of a particular plant species for human use
amino acids
small units that combine in various ways to form larger protein molecules
aquaculture
the production of aquatic plants or animals in a controlled environment
biotechnology
the industrial use of living microorganisms, such as bacteria and other biological agents to perform chemical processing or to produce materials such as animal food
carryover stocks
the total amount of grain in storage when the new harvest begins. indicator of food security
cash crops
crops grown for export rather than domestic consumption
centers of diversity
where the government diversity for a particular species was the greatest
cryopreservation
a method of preserving living material by freezing and storing in liquid nitrogen at very low temperatures
domestication
an evolutionary process in which genes useful for survival in captivity prevail over genes necessary for survival in the wild
extreme poverty
subsiding on less than one dollar a day
famine
the widespread scarcity of food with subsequent suffering and starvation in the population
food security
the ability of a nation to feed itself on an ongoing basis
gene bank
storage facility to preserve genetic material through various freezing and drying methods
genetic modification
the human manipulation and transfer of genes from one organism to another to improve the productivity or survivability of economically important organisms
Green Revolution
a group of measures to improve agricultural productivity in less-developed countries
kwashiorkor
childhood disease resulting from protein insufficiency
land races
a variety of species adapted to specific local conditions
malabsorptive hunger
the body loses its ability to absorb nutrients from food consumed
marasmus
childhood disease from insufficient amounts of protein and calories
marker-assisted selection
using genetic information to speed up and improve conventional plant and animal breeding
moderate poverty
living on one to two dollars a day
monoculture
the extensive cultivation of one or two profitable crops
polyculture
the cultivation of a variety of crops suited to the particular climate and soil of the area
relative poverty
having a household income level below the given proportion for the national average
staples
principal edible plants essential to people’s diets
starvation
the consumption of not enough calories to sustain life
wasting
acute malnutrition that causes a recent and substantial weight loss
