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ZOO 121 > Chapters Seven Through Eleven: Exam Two > Flashcards

Chapters Seven Through Eleven: Exam Two Flashcards

1
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work

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2
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy from motion

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3
Q

potential energy

A

energy in storage

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4
Q

alternative resources

A

anything other than fossil fuels

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5
Q

energy efficiency

A

percentage of total energy input that does useful work

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6
Q

net efficiency

A

efficiency of a process including two or more conversion

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7
Q

fossil fuels

A

fossilized organic matter

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8
Q

proven reserves

A

deposits that have been located, measured, and inventoried

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9
Q

subeconomic reserves

A

reserves that are too expensive to extract

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10
Q

indicated/inferred reserves

A

deposits that are thought to exist and will probably be used in the future

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11
Q

coal

A

solid composed primarily of carbon

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12
Q

anthracite

A

hard coal, highest carbon content and lowest moisture content

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13
Q

bituminous

A

soft coal, most common in US reserves, heating value lower than anthracite

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14
Q

subbituminous and lignite coal

A

low heating values, contain low sulfur

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15
Q

petroleum

A

crude oil, dark liquid composed of hydrocarbon compounds

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16
Q

natural gas

A

composed of several types of gases: mostly methane with some ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, and octane

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17
Q

associated gas

A

natural gas when it occurs with petroleum deposit

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18
Q

non associated gas

A

gas deposits not associated with petroleum

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19
Q

oil shales

A

fine-grained, compacted sedimentary rocks that contain varying amounts of kerogen

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20
Q

kerogen

A

combustible organic matter found in oil shales

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21
Q

tar sands

A

sandstones that contain bitumen

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22
Q

bitumen

A

a thick, high sulfur, tar-like liquid found in tar sands

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23
Q

acid drainage

A

when air and water come into contact with sulfur-bearing rock and coal the sulfur forms SO2

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24
Q

overburden

A

the vegetation, soil and rock layers removed in strip mining

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25
Q

conservation revolution

A

the limiting of the use of supplies in the US after the events of the 1970s to extend oil supplies

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26
Q

life cycle cost

A

initial cost plus lifetime operating costs

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27
Q

nuclear energy

A

the power contained within the nucleus of an atom

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28
Q

binding dress

A

what holds together the protons and neutrons

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29
Q

isotope

A

an element that has a different number of neutrons from other varieties of the element

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30
Q

reactor core

A

hundreds of fuel assemblies

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31
Q

containment vessel

A

thick-walled container housing the reactor core

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32
Q

passive solar system

A

relies only on the natural forces of conduction, convection, and radiation to distribute heat

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33
Q

active solar system

A

uses fans or pumps to enhance the collection and distribution of the sun’s heat

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34
Q

solar pond

A

a lined cavity filled with water and salt used to produce electricity

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35
Q

photovoltaic cell

A

generates clean, affordable electricity directly from sunlight, with no boilers, turbines, generators, pipes, or cooling towers

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36
Q

hydropower

A

the energy of falling water

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37
Q

geothermal energy

A

heat generated by natural processes occurring beneath Earth’s surface

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38
Q

ocean power

A

energy derived from the seas

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39
Q

biomass energy

A

harnessed from organic matter used as fuel

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40
Q

biogas

A

the gases released by decaying plant matter and animal waste

41
Q

solid waste

A

refuse, material rejected or discarded as being spent, useless, worthless, or in excess

42
Q

actual rate of increase

A

the true growth rate of a country

43
Q

age distribution

A

percentage of the population of each sex at each age level in a population

44
Q

age-specific fertility rate

A

the number of live births per 1,000 women of a specific age group per year

45
Q

crude birth rate

A

number of live births per 1000 people per year

46
Q

crude death rate

A

the number of deaths per 1000 people per year

47
Q

cultural carrying capacity

A

the optimal size that the environment can sustain in perpetuity with a given technology, standard of living, and associated patterns of resource use

48
Q

demography

A

the statistical study of characteristics of human populations

49
Q

dependency load

A

the number of dependents in a population

50
Q

doubling time

A

the number of years it takes for a population to double assuming current growth rates remain the same

51
Q

emigration

A

migration out of a country or region

52
Q

environmental refugees

A

people forced to abandon their homes because the land can no longer support them

53
Q

general fertility rate

A

the number of childbirths per 1000 women of childbearing age each year

54
Q

infant mortality rate

A

the number of infants who die before age 1 per 1000 births per year

55
Q

maternal mortality ratio

A

the number of womens deaths related to pregnancy or childbirth complications per 100,000 live births yearly

56
Q

migration

A

movement from one geographic area to another for the purpose of establishing new residence

57
Q

natural rate of increase

A

difference between the crude death rate and the crude birth rate expressed as a percentage

58
Q

negative population growth

A

a situation in which deaths outnumber births

59
Q

population density

A

the number of individuals per unit of space

60
Q

population momentum

A

tendency of a population to continue to increase in absolute numbers despite declines in fertility rate due to a large base of childbearing women

61
Q

population profile

A

a graphical representation of the age distribution of a population

62
Q

replacement fertility

A

the fertility rate needed to ensure that the population is just “replaced” by its offspring

63
Q

rule of 70

A

rule for finding the amount go time required for a population to double

64
Q

total fertility rate

A

the average number of children a woman will bear during her life

65
Q

vital statistics

A

population statistics such as births, deaths, and immigration

66
Q

zero population growth

A

the growth rate at which births equal deaths

67
Q

antinatalist policy

A

a policy designed to prevent increases in fertility or to lower existing fertility and birth rates

68
Q

demographic fatigue

A

a condition brought on by sustained rapid population growth in which the government lacks the resources to effectively deal with natural disasters and disease outbreaks

69
Q

demographic transition

A

the movement of a nation from high population growth to low growth as it moves through economic development stages

70
Q

demographic trap

A

the inability of a country to pass the second phase of demographic transition

71
Q

population policy

A

a government’s planned course of action designed to influence and regulate its constituents choices or decisions on fertility or migration

72
Q

pronatalist policy

A

a policy that encourages fertility and higher birth rate

73
Q

agriculture

A

the intentional tending of a particular plant species for human use

74
Q

amino acids

A

small units that combine in various ways to form larger protein molecules

75
Q

aquaculture

A

the production of aquatic plants or animals in a controlled environment

76
Q

biotechnology

A

the industrial use of living microorganisms, such as bacteria and other biological agents to perform chemical processing or to produce materials such as animal food

77
Q

carryover stocks

A

the total amount of grain in storage when the new harvest begins. indicator of food security

78
Q

cash crops

A

crops grown for export rather than domestic consumption

79
Q

centers of diversity

A

where the government diversity for a particular species was the greatest

80
Q

cryopreservation

A

a method of preserving living material by freezing and storing in liquid nitrogen at very low temperatures

81
Q

domestication

A

an evolutionary process in which genes useful for survival in captivity prevail over genes necessary for survival in the wild

82
Q

extreme poverty

A

subsiding on less than one dollar a day

83
Q

famine

A

the widespread scarcity of food with subsequent suffering and starvation in the population

84
Q

food security

A

the ability of a nation to feed itself on an ongoing basis

85
Q

gene bank

A

storage facility to preserve genetic material through various freezing and drying methods

86
Q

genetic modification

A

the human manipulation and transfer of genes from one organism to another to improve the productivity or survivability of economically important organisms

87
Q

Green Revolution

A

a group of measures to improve agricultural productivity in less-developed countries

88
Q

kwashiorkor

A

childhood disease resulting from protein insufficiency

89
Q

land races

A

a variety of species adapted to specific local conditions

90
Q

malabsorptive hunger

A

the body loses its ability to absorb nutrients from food consumed

91
Q

marasmus

A

childhood disease from insufficient amounts of protein and calories

92
Q

marker-assisted selection

A

using genetic information to speed up and improve conventional plant and animal breeding

93
Q

moderate poverty

A

living on one to two dollars a day

94
Q

monoculture

A

the extensive cultivation of one or two profitable crops

95
Q

polyculture

A

the cultivation of a variety of crops suited to the particular climate and soil of the area

96
Q

relative poverty

A

having a household income level below the given proportion for the national average

97
Q

staples

A

principal edible plants essential to people’s diets

98
Q

starvation

A

the consumption of not enough calories to sustain life

99
Q

wasting

A

acute malnutrition that causes a recent and substantial weight loss

ZOO 121 (3 decks)

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