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Human Body > Chapters 9,10,11- Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapters 9,10,11- Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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3
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

voluntary, effectors (skeletal muscles), no further subdivisions

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4
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

involuntary, effectors (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands), subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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5
Q

Neurons

A

functional cells of nervous system
highly specialized
unique structure

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6
Q

Cell Body

A

nucleus and other organelles

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7
Q

Cell Fibers

A

dendrites

axons

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8
Q

Dendrites

A

carry impulses to cell body

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9
Q

Axon

A

carry impulses away from cell body

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10
Q

Myelinated

A

white matter

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11
Q

Unmyelinated

A

gray matter

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12
Q

Schwann cells

A

peripheral nervous system

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13
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

central nervous system

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14
Q

Sensory neurons

A

afferent

conduct impulses to spinal cord, brain

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15
Q

Motor neurons

A

efferent

conduct impulses to muscles, glands

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16
Q

Interneurons

A

central or association neurons

conduct information within CNS

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17
Q

Nerve

A

fiber bundle within PNS

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18
Q

Tract

A

fiber bundle within CNS

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19
Q

Endoneurium

A

around 1 fiber

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20
Q

Perineurium

A

around fascicle

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21
Q

Epineurium

A

2 or more fascicles to form nerve

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22
Q

Neuroglia or Glial Cells

A

Functions:
protect, support, and nourish nervous tissue
aid in cell repair
remove pathogens and impurities
regulation composition of fluids around cells

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23
Q

Action Potential

A

membrane potential reverses, generates electrical charge

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24
Q

Resting state

A

negative inside, positive outside

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25
Q

Depolarization

A

Na+ enters the cell making it more positive inside

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26
Q

Repolarization

A

K+ leaves the cell bringing the charges back to normal

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27
Q

Synapse

A

junction point for transmitting nerve impulse from neuron to another cell

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28
Q

Neurotransmitters

A 
norepinephrine 
serotonin
dopamine
acetylcholine
(help the impulse jump the synapse to the next neuron)
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29
Q

Spinal Cord

A

links PNS to brain
helps coordinate impulses within CNS
contained in and protected by vertebrae

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30
Q

Cauda equina

A

“horses tail”

where adult spinal cord stops (between 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae and looks like a tail of nerves)

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31
Q

Inner gray matter

A 
unmyelinated axons
dorsal horn (2)
ventral horn (2)
both connected by gray commissure
central canal
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32
Q

Outer white matter

A

myelinated axons
posterior median sulcus- divides posterior
anterior median sulcus- divides anterior
ascending and descending tracts

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33
Q

Ascending tracts

A

carry sensory impulses

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34
Q

Descending tracts

A

carry motor impulses

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35
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 pairs
all mixed nerves
each nerve attached by 2 roots

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36
Q

Dorsal root

A

sensory

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37
Q

Ventral root

A

motor

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38
Q

Cervical plexus

A

neck (M,S) and head (S)

phrenic nerve- diaphragm

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39
Q

Brachial plexus

A

shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist, hand

radial nerve

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40
Q

Lumbosacral plexus

A

pelvis and legs

sciatic nerve- nearly 1” thick at start

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41
Q

Dermatomes

A

regions of skin

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42
Q

Spinal reflex

A

simple reflex passes through spinal cord, but not brain

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43
Q

Stretch reflex

A

stretched muscles responds by contracting (knee-jerk reflex)

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44
Q

Autonomic nervous system (function)

A

regulates the action of glands, smooth muscles of hollow organs and vessels, and heart muscle

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45
Q

ANS (structure)

A

preganglionic neuron connects spinal cord to ganglion

postganglionic neuron connect ganglion to effector

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46
Q

ANS (division)

A

sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

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47
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight
adrenergic system
- activated by adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
- Four E’s: excitement, emergency, embarrassment, exercise

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48
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

returns body back to normal
cholinergic system
- activated by acetylcholine
- SLUDD: salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation

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49
Q

Lumbar puncture

A 
spinal tap
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) removed for testing
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50
Q

Drug administration

A

anesthetic (epidural)

pain medication

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51
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

myelin sheath is damaged and neuron fibers degenerate slowing conduction and disrupting communication *women more than men

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52
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig)

A

motor neurons destroyed causing muscle atrophy and loss of muscle control

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53
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

viral disease of nervous system, polio virus starts to infect nervous system

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54
Q

Tumors

A

nerve sheaths, meninges, neuroglia

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55
Q

Injuries

A

wounds, fracture, dislocation of vertebrae, herniation of intervertebral disks, tumors, paralysis

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56
Q

Monoplegia

A

one limb

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57
Q

Diplegia

A

both upper or lower

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58
Q

Paraplegia

A

both lower

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59
Q

Hemiplegia

A

one side

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60
Q

Tetraplegia

A

all four limbs, quadriplegia

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61
Q

Neuropathy

A

any disease of nerves

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62
Q

Neuritis

A

inflammation of nerves

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63
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

compression of median nerve by carpal neves (repetitive hand actions)

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64
Q

Morton neuroma

A

tarsals and metatarsals compress plantar nerve (women in heels)

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65
Q

Sciatica

A

compression of sciatic nerve or contributing spinal nerves L3-L5 or S1-S3, herniated disk, bone spurs

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66
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome

A

autoimmune disorder, impacts myelin coating of PNS

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67
Q

Cerebrum (description)

A

largest and most superior portion of the brain

divided into two hemispheres; each subdivided into lobes

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68
Q

Cerebrum (functions)

A

cortex (outer layer) is site for conscious thought, memory, reasoning, and abstract mental functions, all localized within specific lobes

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69
Q

Diencephalon (description)

A

between the cerebrum and brainstem

contains the thalamus and hypothalamus

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70
Q

Thalamus

A

sorts sensory impulses

redirects sensory impulses within cerebral cortex

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71
Q

Hypothalamus

A

maintains homeostasis, controls the ANS and pituitary gland

influences heartbeat, blood flow, and hormone secretion

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72
Q

Brainstem (divisions)

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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73
Q

Brainstem

A

anterior region below the cerebrum

connects the cerebrum and diencephalon with the spinal cord

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74
Q

Midbrain

A

below center of the cerebrum

has reflex centers concerned with vision and hearing

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75
Q

Pons

A

anterior to the cerebellum

connects the cerebrum with lower portions of the brain, helps to regulate respiration

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76
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

between the pons and spinal cord

links the brain with spinal cord, centers for control of vital functions

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77
Q

Cerebellum (little brain)

A

coordinates voluntary muscles, maintains balance and muscle tone

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78
Q

Meninges

A

layers of connective tissue

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79
Q

Dura mater

A

outermost, thickest, toughest
two layers
- dural sinus: drainage of blood from brain tissue

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80
Q

Arachnoid

A

weblike allows for movement of CSF between membranes

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81
Q

Pia mater

A

holds blood vessels to supply O2 and nutrients

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82
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A 
supports nervous tissue, cushions from shock
carries nutrients to cells
transports waste products from cells
produced in ventricles (4)
returns to blood through arachnoid villi
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83
Q

Choroid plexus

A

forms CSF by filtering blood and cellular secretions

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84
Q

Lateral ventricles (2)

A

horns in cerebrum

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85
Q

Interventricular foramina

A

connects lateral with 3rd

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86
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

connects with 3rd and 4th

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87
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

divided into 2 cerebral hemispheres
each hemisphere divided into 5 lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula)
outer layer of nervous tissues called cortex

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88
Q

Cortex

A

arranged into folds
Gyri- raised
Sulci- grooves

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89
Q

Corpus callosum

A

bridges cerebral hemispheres

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90
Q

Frontal lobe

A

motor area- conscious control of skeletal muscles

speech centers

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91
Q

Parietal lobe

A

sensory area- impulses from skin (touch, pain, temperature)

estimation of distances, sizes, shapes

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92
Q

Temporal lobe

A

auditory and speech comprehension areas- receives and interprets impulses from ear
olfactory area- smell

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93
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual receiving area

visual association area

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94
Q

Auditory receiving

A

detects sounds from environment

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95
Q

Auditory association

A

interprets sounds

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96
Q

Speech comprehension

A

Wernickes Area

speech recognition and meaning of words

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97
Q

Motor speech

A

Broca Area

tongue, soft palate, larynx

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98
Q

Visual areas

A

visual language images receiving

99
Q

Short-term memory

A

information lost unless reinforces

100
Q

Long-term memory

A

rehearsal (repetition)

alertness

101
Q

Brain Stem

A

connects cerebrum and diencephalon with the spinal cord

composed of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

102
Q

Midbrain

A

superior part of brain stem
four masses form superior part of midbrain
houses reflexes involving eyes and ears
conducts impulses between higher centers of cerebrum and lower centers of pons, medulla, cerebellum, spinal cord
cranial nerves III and IV

103
Q

Pons

A

connecting link between cerebellum and rest of nervous system
some reflexes involving respiration
cranial nerves V and VIII

104
Q

Respiratory center

A

medulla

controls muscles of respiration in response to chemicals and stimuli

105
Q

Cardiac center

A

medulla

regulates rate and force of heartbeat

106
Q

Vasomotor center

A

medulla

contraction of smooth muscles in blood vessels, blood flow and blood pressure

107
Q

Contralateral control

A

opposite side of brain controls opposite side of body
right brain-left body
left brain-right body

108
Q

Cerebellum (3 parts)

A

vermis- middle
left hemisphere
right hemisphere

109
Q

Cerebellum (functions)

A

help coordinate voluntary muscles
help maintain balance
help maintain muscle tone

110
Q

Limbic system

A

between the cerebrum and diencephalon
involved in emotional states, behavior
involved in learning, long-term memory
stimulates reticular formation (consciousness)
links functions of the cerebral cortex and brain stem

111
Q

Electroencephalograph

A

record electric currents given off by brain nerve cells

  • study sleep patterns
  • diagnose disease
  • locate tumors
  • study drug effects
  • determine brain death
112
Q

Seizure

A

abnormal electrical activity in brain

113
Q

Epilepsy

A

recurrent seizures

114
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges

115
Q

Encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain

116
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

abnormal CSF accumulation within the brain
more common in infants than adults
results in increased pressure and brain damage
treat with creation of shunt

117
Q

Stroke or CVA

A

most common brain disorder
caused by blood clot that blocks blood flow or rupture of vessel resulting in cerebral hemorrhage
restore blood flow to affected area

118
Q

Aphasia

A

loss or defect in language communication

119
Q

Tumors

A

more common in young and middle aged adults

120
Q

Gliomas

A

originate from neuroglia

121
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

between dura mater and skull

122
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

in subdural space- tear in wall of dural sinus

123
Q

Intracerebral hematoma

A

in brain tissue

124
Q

Cerebral concussion (MTBI)

A

mild traumatic brain injury, transient alteration of brain function

125
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

brain damage before or during birth

126
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

unexplained degeneration of cerebral cortex and hippocampus

127
Q

Multi-infarct dementia

A

accumulation of brain damage resulting from chronic ischemia (lack of blood supply)

128
Q

Parkinson disease

A

progressive neurological condition characterized by tremors, rigidity of limbs and joints, slow movement, impaired balance
treat with L-dopa, enters brain and converts to dopamine

129
Q

Huntington disorder

A

neuron death resulting in uncontrollable jerky, writhing movement

130
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs
except for first 2, all arise from brain stem
first 9 pairs and 12th pair supply head

131
Q

Special sensory impulses

A

smell, taste, vision, hearing

132
Q

General sensory impulses

A

pain, touch, temperature, deep muscle sense, pressure, vibrations

133
Q

Somatic motor impulses

A

voluntary control of skeletal muscles

134
Q

Visceral motor impulses

A

involuntary control of glands and involuntary muscles

135
Q

Olfactory

A

carries impulses for the sense of smell toward the brain

136
Q

Optic

A

carries visual impulses from eye to brain

137
Q

Oculomotor

A

controls contraction of eye muscles

138
Q

Trochlear

A

supples one eyeball muscle

139
Q

Trigeminal

A

carries sensory impulses from eye, upper jaw, and lower jaw toward brain

140
Q

Abducens

A

controls and eyeball muscle

141
Q

Facial

A

controls facial expression; carries sensation of taste; stimulates small salivary glands and lacrimal (tear) glands

142
Q

Vestibulocochlear

A

carries sensory impulses for hearing and equilibrium from inner ear toward brain

143
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A

carries sensory impulses from tongue and pharynx (throat); controls swallowing muscles and stimulates parotid salivary gland

144
Q

Vagus

A

supplies most of organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities; carries motor impulses to larynx (voice box) and pharynx

145
Q

Accessory

A

controls muscles in neck and larynx

146
Q

Hypoglossal

A

controls muscles of tongue

147
Q

Sensory system

A

detects internal and external environmental changes

  • environmental change (stimulus) initiates nerve impulse
  • stimulus interpreted by cerebral cortex
  • sensation experienced
148
Q

Sensory receptors

A

classified based on structure or stimulus

149
Q

Free dendrite

A

pain, temp

150
Q

Modified ending or end organ

A

touch

151
Q

Specialized cell

A

rods and cones in eye

152
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

chemicals, dissolved in solution

153
Q

Photoreceptors

A

light, rods and cones

154
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

heat

155
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

movement

156
Q

Special senses

A

localized in special sense organ

157
Q

Vision

A

eye

158
Q

Hearing

A

internal ear

159
Q

Equilibrium

A

internal ear

160
Q

Taste

A

tongue

161
Q

Smell

A

upper nasal cavities

162
Q

General senses

A

widely distributed throughout body

163
Q

Skin and internal organs

A

pressure, temperature, pain, touch

164
Q

Position

A

muscles, tendons, joints

165
Q

Sensory adaptation

A
  • occurs when receptors are exposed to continuous stimulus
  • some receptors can adjust themselves so sensation becomes less acute
  • receptors adapt at different rates
  • pain receptors do not adapt
166
Q

Eye cavity bones

A

bony orbit

167
Q

Eye lids

A

lubricate eye, keep out harmful materials

168
Q

Eyelashes and eyebrow

A

keep foreign material out

169
Q

Conjunctiva

A

produce mucus to aid in lubrication

170
Q

Lacrimal glands

A

tears lubricate eye and contain enzymes to protect against infection, wash away foreign materials

171
Q

Muscles of the eye

A

adjusts eye so retina receives clear image

172
Q

Extrinsic muscles (6)

A
  • outer surface of the eyeball
  • voluntary
  • allow for convergence- both eyes focus on same field, 3D
173
Q

Sensory

A
  • optic nerve (cranial nerve II), carry visual impulses

- ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), general sensory

174
Q

Motor

A
  • oculomotor (cranial nerve III)
  • trochlear (cranial nerve IV)
  • abducens (cranial nerve VI)
175
Q

Fibrous

A

sclera (white of the eye): tough connective tissue

cornea: transparent, curves forward

176
Q

Vascular

A

choroid: vascular, melanin directs light
ciliary muscle: intrinsic, controls shape
suspensory ligaments
iris: colored ring-like portion, opens and closes to control light

177
Q

Nervous (retina)

A

rods and cones: sends impulses to the brain

178
Q

Fovea centralis

A

greatest number of receptors

179
Q

Cornea

A

main refractive structure
no blood vessels; nourished by fluids washing over it
bulges forward slightly

180
Q

Aqueous humor

A

watery fluid that fills eyeball in front of lens

constantly produced and drained from eye

181
Q

Crystalline lens

A

biconvex, circular structure made of elastic material

adjusts thickness for near or far vision

182
Q

Vitreous body

A

soft jellylike material fill eyeball behind lens

maintain shape of eye as well as refracts light

183
Q

Intrinsic muscles

A

involuntary within the eyeball

184
Q

Iris

A

colored, pigmented part

regulates amount of light entering the eye through pupil

185
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

holds lens in place by means of suspensory ligaments

allow for accommodation- changes in shape of lens to control far and near vision

186
Q

Presbyopia

A

lens loses elasticity with age, difficult to accommodate for distance

187
Q

Rods

A
  • function in dim light (dark adaptation)
  • shades of gray
  • blurred images
  • periphery of retina
  • rhodopsin: deficiency results in night blindness (required for rods to work)
188
Q

Cones

A
  • function in bright light
  • color sensitive: red, green, blue
  • sharp images
  • retinal central near optic nerve: fovea centralis
189
Q

Steps in vision

A
  • light refracts
  • muscles of the iris adjust the pupil
  • ciliary muscle adjusts the lens (accommodation)
  • extrinsic eye muscles produce convergence
  • light stimulates retinal receptor cells (rods and cones)
  • optic nerve transmits impulses to brain
  • occipital lobe cortex interprets impulses
190
Q

Hyperopia

A

farsightedness

  • eyeball too short
  • convex lenses for correction
191
Q

Myopia

A

nearsightedness

  • eyeball too long or cornea bends light too sharply
  • concave lenses for correction
192
Q

Astigmatism

A

blurred vision

  • irregularity in curvature of cornea or lens
  • surgery, corrective lenses
193
Q

Strabismus

A

eyes do not work together

194
Q

Convergent strabismus

A

eye deviates toward nasal side or medial

195
Q

Divergent strabismus

A

eye deviates laterally

196
Q

Amblyopia

A

loss of vision in healthy eye because it doesn’t work well with other eye
- treat with eye exercises, eye glasses, patching of good eye

197
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

pink eye, contagious

198
Q

Inclusion conjunctivitis

A

caused by chlamydia trachomatis- trachoma

treat with antibiotics or may lead to blindness

199
Q

Ophthalmia neonatorum

A

acute eye infection of newborn caused by organisms acquired during passage through birth canal
treat with antibiotics

200
Q

Injuries to eye

A
  • laceration or scratch of cornea by foreign body

- penetration of deeper structures may result in enucleation or removal of eyeball

201
Q

Cataract

A
  • opacity (cloudiness) of the lens or lens’ outer covering

- surgically remove lens and replace with artificial lens

202
Q

Glaucoma

A
  • excess pressure of the aqueous humor due to interference with normal reentry into bloodstream
  • common type progresses slowly
  • can cause destruction of optic nerve fibers
  • treat with medications to reduce pressure
203
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

retina damaged by blood vessel hemorrhages and growth of new vessels

204
Q

Retinal detachment

A

retina separates from choroid layer as result of trauma or accumulation of fluid of tissue between layers

205
Q

Macular degeneration

A

changes in macula lutea distort center of visual field

  • accumulation of materials on retina
  • abnormal blood vessel growth under retina
206
Q

Ear

A

sense organ for hearing and equilibrium

  • outer ear
  • middle ear
  • inner ear
207
Q

Pinna (auricle)

A

outer ear

- directs sound waves into ear

208
Q

External auditory canal (meatus)

A

outer ear

- ceruminous glands produce cerumen or ear wax (1st part of canal)

209
Q

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

A

outer ear

- vibrates as sound wave enters ear

210
Q

Middle ear

A

cavity contains ossicles (small bones) that amplify sound waves and transmit sounds to inner ear

211
Q

Malleus

A

hammer- attached to tympanic membrane

212
Q

Incus

A

anvil

213
Q

Stapes

A

stirrup- in contact with inner ear

214
Q

Eustachian tube

A
  • connects middle ear cavity with throat (pharynx)
  • allows pressure to equalize on both sides of tympanic membrane
  • continuous mucous membrane from pharynx to middle ear cavity
215
Q

Inner Ear

A

bony labyrinth, membranous labyrinth

transduces sound waves into nerve impulses

216
Q

Bony labyrinth

A

vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea, perilymph fluid fills all 3 divisions

217
Q

Membranous labyrinth

A

exact replica of bony labyrinth

filled with endolymph fluid

218
Q

Vestibule

A

two bony chambers contain receptors for equilibrium

219
Q

Semicircular canals

A

three tubes contain receptors for equilibrium

220
Q

Cochlea

A

small shell receptors for hearing

221
Q

Organ of corti

A

ciliated receptor cells located inside membranous cochlea or cochlear duct
cilia move back and forth against tectorial membrane which send impulses to cochlear nerve

222
Q

Equilibrium

A

ciliated equilibrium sensory receptors are located in vestibule and semicircular canals
- as head moves cilic shift position in surrounding thick fluid generating nerve impulse

223
Q

Static equlilibrium

A

straight line
maculae receptors: hair cells are embedded in otolithic membrane
otoliths fluid
vestibule

224
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

spinning or moving in different directions
cristae receptors: hair cells embedded in bubble called cupula
base of semicircular canals

225
Q

Otitis media

A

infection and inflammation of middle ear cavity

226
Q

Myringotomy

A

cutting tympanic membrane to relieve pressure

227
Q

Tympanostomy tube

A

allows pressure to equalize and reduces damage to eardrum

228
Q

Otitis externa

A

inflammation of external auditory canal

swimmer’s ear

229
Q

Deafness

A

complete hearing loss

230
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

interference with passage of sound waves from outside to inner ear- wax, foreign object
damage to tympanic membrane and ossicles as result of chronic otitis media

231
Q

Otosclerosis

A

hereditary bone disorder prevents normal vibration of stapes

232
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

involves cochlea, vestibulocochlear nerve, or brain
prolonged exposure to loud noises, certain drugs, infections, toxins
cochlear implant

233
Q

Presbycusis

A

atrophy of sensory receptors and cochlear nerve fibers with aging

234
Q

Vertigo

A

sensation of spinning or that the environment is spinning
dizziness or light-headedness
inflammation of the inner ear, displacement of the otoliths
*fluid in semicircular canals keeps moving even though you’ve stopped

235
Q

Gustation (taste)

A

taste receptors (taste buds) stimulated by substances (chemicals) dissolved in solution or fluids
influenced by smell
nerves include facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX)

236
Q

Olfaction (smell)

A

smell receptors in upper nasal cavity
- stimulated by substances (chemicals) in solution in nasal fluids
- smells stimulate appetite and flow of digestive juices
olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I)

237
Q

General senses

A

receptors scattered throughout the body sense

- touch, pressure, heat, cold, position, pain

238
Q

Tactile corpuscles

A

sense of touch

  • found mostly in dermis of skin and around hair follicles
  • sensitivity varies with the number of receptors
  • baroreceptors in walls of large arteries monitor BP and trigger responses that control BP as vessels stretch
239
Q

Sense of pressure

A

receptors for deep touch located

  • in subcutaneous tissue
  • near joints, muscles, and other deep tissues
240
Q

Sense of temperature

A 
temperature receptors
- are free nerve endings
- are widely distributed in the skin
- are separate for heat and cold
- occur in hypothalamus in brain
(help to adjust body temperature according to temperature of circulating blood)
241
Q

Sense of position

A

proprioceptors (position receptors)

  • are located in muscles, tendons, joints
  • relay impulses of body parts in relation to each other
  • send impulses to the cerebellum for coordination
242
Q

Pain receptors

A

are free nerve endings

are found in skin, muscles, joints and (to a lesser extent) most internal organs

243
Q

Pain relief

A 
analgesic drugs
anesthetics 
endorphins
heat or cold
relaxation or distraction techniques

Human Body (3 decks)

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