Chapter 7- Bones Flashcards
Axial Skeleton
Central Portion (80), head and trunk
Appendicular Skeleton
Extremeties (126), extremities and attachments
Flat Bones
ribs, cranium
Short Bones
tarsals, carpals
Irregular Bones
vertebrae, facial
Long Bones
arms, legs
Diaphysis
long, narrow, shaft (body)
Medullary Cavity
within diaphysis, has bone marrow within it
Epiphysis
proximal and distal ends of long bones
Compact Bone
hard and dense, main shaft of long bone and outer layer of other bones
Haversian System or Osteon
Haversian canal, perforating (Volkmann canals)
Spongy or Cancellous bones
Meshwork of small, bony plates, filled with red bone marrow- epiphysis of long bones and centers of other bones
Red Marrow
ends of long bones and center of other bones, produce bone cells
Yellow Marrow
Central cavities of long bones, fat
Periosteum
Covers outside of bones, contains osteoblast, blood and lymph vessels, nerves
Endosteum
Lines bone marrow cavity, contains cells for growth and repair
Osteoblasts
build bone tissue (collagen and calcium salts)
Osteoclasts
break down bone tissue (resorption)
Osteocytes
maintain bone tissue (bone cells)
Ossification
Conversion of cartilage to bone
Long bone formation
epiphyseal plates at the end of long bones
Bone tissue regulation
osteoclasts resorb bone tissue, osteoblasts and osteocytes maintain and repair existing bone matrix, formation and resorption regulated by Vit D, calcitonin, PTH, sex hormones
Formation of Long Bone
Cartilage begins to turn into bone (ossification
Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends
Bones continue to lengthen
Bones stop lengthening
Bone resorption and formation continues
Head
Rounded knoblike end
Process
large
Condyle
rounded
Crest
border or ridge
Spine
sharp
Foramen
hole for vessels or nerves
Sinus
air space
Fossa
depression
Meatus
short tunnel or passageway
Cranium (8)
Framework of the skull
Frontal bone
forehead, frontal sinuses and paranasal sinuses
Parietal (2)
top and sides
Temporal (2)
sides and base; mastoid sinuses, mastoid process, ear
Ethmoid
between eyes
Sphenoid
base of skull, sella turcia
Occipital bone
back and base, foramen magnum
Facial bones
14, framework of the skull
Mandible
lower jaw bone
Maxillae (2)
upper jaw bone, maxillary sinus
Zygomatic (2)
cheeks
Nasal bones (2)
bridge of nose
Lacrimal (2)
anterior, medial eye orbit
Vomer
nasal septum
Palatine (2)
back of hard palate
Inferior nasal conchae (2)
interior wall of nasal cavities
Other bones
ear ossicles, hyoid bone
Sutures
coronal suture, squamous suture, lambdoid suture
Vertebral column
framework of the trunk
Cervical (7)
neck
Atlas (1st)
nods head
Axis (2nd)
pivots head
Thoracic (12)
mostly inside ribcage
Lumbar (5)
lower back
Sacral/Coccygeal
tailbone
Ribs
12 total pair
True ribs
7 pair
False ribs
5 pair
Floating ribs
2 pair
Intercostal space
spaces between each rib
Sternum
breast bone; manubrium, body, sternal angle, xiphoid bone, clavicular notch
Shoulder girdle
clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade)
Humerus
arm bone; epicondyles and trochlea
Ulna
medial forearm; olecranon (point of elbow), trochlear notch (elbow)
Radius
lateral forearm; thumb side
Carpal bones
8; wrist
Metacarpal
5; palm
Phalanges
14; fingers
Pelvic bones
ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabulum, obturator foramen
Femur (thigh)
greater and lesser trochanter; linea aspera
Patella
kneecap
Tibia (shin bone)
medial malleolus (ankle)
Fibula
lateral malleolus (ankle)
Tarsal bones
7; calcaneus or heel bone
Metatarsal bones
5; foot bones
Phalanges
14; toes
Osteoporosis
bones become fragile (spine, pelvis, long bones), postmenopausal osteoporosis most common *metabolic
Osteopenia
mild to moderate reduction in bone mass below normal *metabolic
Paget disease or osteitis deformans
excessive and abnormal osteoclast activity followed by excess osteoblast activity; increased bone mass, but bones weak deformed *metabolic
Osteomalacia
softening of bones due to lack of calcium salt formation, caused by Vit D deficiency, renal disorders, liver disease, some intestinal disorders *metabolic
Rickets
occurs in children as results of Vit D deficiency, skeleton remains soft and becomes distorted *metabolic
Osteosarcoma
young person’s growing region (knee) *tumor
Chondrosarcoma
starts in cartilage, midlife *tumor
Metastasis from other sites
older people, most often to spine *tumor
Osteomyelitis
caused by pyogenic bacteria entering through blood, treat with antibiotics *infection
Tuberculosis
may spread to bones, (long bones)
Pott disease- TB of spine, vertebrae weaken and may collapse causing pain, deformity, pressure on spinal cord, treat with antibiotics *infection
Kyphosis
hunchback, thoracic curve (old women) *structural
Lordosis
swayback, lumbar curve (toddlers, pregnant women) *structural
Scoliosis
lateral curve of vertebral column, most common in girls, occurs during rapid growth, can compress organs *structural
Cleft palate
congenital deformity, opening in the roof of the mouth *structural
Flatfoot
curve of arch flattens due to weak tendons and ligaments in foots arch *structural
Closed
simple with no open wound *fracture
Open
protrudes through skin *fracture
Greenstick
one side broken, one side bent *fracture
Impacted
broken ends jammed into each other *fracture
Comminuted
multiple fractures, bone crushed, splintered *fracture
Spiral
bone twisted apart *fracture
Transverse
straight across *fracture
Oblique
angle *fracture
Synarthrosis
immovable; fibrous, no joint cavity, fibrous connective tissue between bones (sutures between skull bones)
Amphiarthrosis
slightly moveable; sometimes fibrous tissue, no joint cavity, between bones (pubic symphysis, joints between vertebral bodies)
Diarthrosis
freely moveable; joint cavity containing synovial fluid (gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket)
Synovial joints
held together by ligaments
joint capsule encloses joint for strength and protection
bony surfaces protected by hyaline cartilage
bursae, fluid filled sacs, help ease movement over and around joints
fat
medial and lateral meniscus
Flexion
decrease angle between bones
Extension
increase angle between bones
Abduction
away from midline
Adduction
toward the midline
Circumduction
full circle (arm rotating)
Rotation
turning head (shaking head no)
Supination
palm up
Pronation
palm down
Inversion
sole inward
Eversion
sole outward
Dorsiflexion
toes up
Plantar flexion
toes down
Gliding joint
wrist and ankles
Hinge joint
elbow and knee joint
Pivot joint
joint between first and second cervical vertebrae
Condyloid joint
joint between the occipital bone of the skull and the first cervical vertebra and the joint between the metacarpal and the first phalanx of the finger
Saddle joint
joint between the wrist and the metacarpal bone of the thumb
Ball and Socket joint
shoulder joint and hip joint
Dislocation or derangement of joint
shoulder (most common) *mechanical-stress
Sprain
wrenching of joint with rupture or tearing of ligaments, possible injury of cartilage (knee) *mechanical
Bursitis
inflammation of bursa *mechanical
Olecranon bursitis
student’s elbow
Ischial bursitis
taxicab drivers, truckers
Prepatellar bursitis
housemaid’s knee
Subdeltoid or subacromial bursitis
shoulder
Bunions
development and inflammation of bursa on great toe
Herniated disk
central mass of vertebral disk slips through outer cartilaginous ring and into spinal canal
Osteoarthritis or Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)
normal wear and tear; influenced by obesity and trauma
degeneration of cartilage with growth of new bone along edges
Rheumatoid arthritis
swelling due to inflammation and overgrowth of synovial membranes and other joint tissues
articular cartilage destroyed, adhesions develop, joints stiffen and become useless
possibly autoimmune with inherited susceptibility
Septic (infectious) arthritis
bacteria spread to joints usually through blood (strep, staph, and neisseria, TB)
Gout
metabolic disturbance (overproduction of uric acid or not excreted in urine) uric acid crystals form and deposit around joints most common is big toe
Bones (aging)
loss of calcium salts and collagen
bones weaken, more prone to injury
reduction in collagen
Joints (aging)
reduction in collagen leads to stiffness and decreased flexibility
thinning of articular cartilage and loss of synovial fluid may cause joint damage
Other (aging)
loss of muscle tissue; loss of height due to thinning of intervertebral disks; costal cartilage calcifies and becomes less flexible decreasing diameter of chest
