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Human Body > Chapter 7- Bones > Flashcards

Chapter 7- Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Central Portion (80), head and trunk

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2
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Extremeties (126), extremities and attachments

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3
Q

Flat Bones

A

ribs, cranium

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4
Q

Short Bones

A

tarsals, carpals

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5
Q

Irregular Bones

A

vertebrae, facial

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6
Q

Long Bones

A

arms, legs

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7
Q

Diaphysis

A

long, narrow, shaft (body)

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8
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

within diaphysis, has bone marrow within it

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9
Q

Epiphysis

A

proximal and distal ends of long bones

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10
Q

Compact Bone

A

hard and dense, main shaft of long bone and outer layer of other bones

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11
Q

Haversian System or Osteon

A

Haversian canal, perforating (Volkmann canals)

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12
Q

Spongy or Cancellous bones

A

Meshwork of small, bony plates, filled with red bone marrow- epiphysis of long bones and centers of other bones

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13
Q

Red Marrow

A

ends of long bones and center of other bones, produce bone cells

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14
Q

Yellow Marrow

A

Central cavities of long bones, fat

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15
Q

Periosteum

A

Covers outside of bones, contains osteoblast, blood and lymph vessels, nerves

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16
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines bone marrow cavity, contains cells for growth and repair

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17
Q

Osteoblasts

A

build bone tissue (collagen and calcium salts)

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18
Q

Osteoclasts

A

break down bone tissue (resorption)

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19
Q

Osteocytes

A

maintain bone tissue (bone cells)

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20
Q

Ossification

A

Conversion of cartilage to bone

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21
Q

Long bone formation

A

epiphyseal plates at the end of long bones

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22
Q

Bone tissue regulation

A

osteoclasts resorb bone tissue, osteoblasts and osteocytes maintain and repair existing bone matrix, formation and resorption regulated by Vit D, calcitonin, PTH, sex hormones

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23
Q

Formation of Long Bone

A

Cartilage begins to turn into bone (ossification
Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends
Bones continue to lengthen
Bones stop lengthening
Bone resorption and formation continues

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24
Q

Head

A

Rounded knoblike end

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25
Q

Process

A

large

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26
Q

Condyle

A

rounded

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27
Q

Crest

A

border or ridge

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28
Q

Spine

A

sharp

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29
Q

Foramen

A

hole for vessels or nerves

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30
Q

Sinus

A

air space

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31
Q

Fossa

A

depression

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32
Q

Meatus

A

short tunnel or passageway

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33
Q

Cranium (8)

A

Framework of the skull

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34
Q

Frontal bone

A

forehead, frontal sinuses and paranasal sinuses

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35
Q

Parietal (2)

A

top and sides

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36
Q

Temporal (2)

A

sides and base; mastoid sinuses, mastoid process, ear

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37
Q

Ethmoid

A

between eyes

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38
Q

Sphenoid

A

base of skull, sella turcia

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39
Q

Occipital bone

A

back and base, foramen magnum

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40
Q

Facial bones

A

14, framework of the skull

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41
Q

Mandible

A

lower jaw bone

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42
Q

Maxillae (2)

A

upper jaw bone, maxillary sinus

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43
Q

Zygomatic (2)

A

cheeks

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44
Q

Nasal bones (2)

A

bridge of nose

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45
Q

Lacrimal (2)

A

anterior, medial eye orbit

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46
Q

Vomer

A

nasal septum

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47
Q

Palatine (2)

A

back of hard palate

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48
Q

Inferior nasal conchae (2)

A

interior wall of nasal cavities

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49
Q

Other bones

A

ear ossicles, hyoid bone

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50
Q

Sutures

A

coronal suture, squamous suture, lambdoid suture

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51
Q

Vertebral column

A

framework of the trunk

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52
Q

Cervical (7)

A

neck

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53
Q

Atlas (1st)

A

nods head

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54
Q

Axis (2nd)

A

pivots head

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55
Q

Thoracic (12)

A

mostly inside ribcage

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56
Q

Lumbar (5)

A

lower back

57
Q

Sacral/Coccygeal

A

tailbone

58
Q

Ribs

A

12 total pair

59
Q

True ribs

A

7 pair

60
Q

False ribs

A

5 pair

61
Q

Floating ribs

A

2 pair

62
Q

Intercostal space

A

spaces between each rib

63
Q

Sternum

A

breast bone; manubrium, body, sternal angle, xiphoid bone, clavicular notch

64
Q

Shoulder girdle

A

clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade)

65
Q

Humerus

A

arm bone; epicondyles and trochlea

66
Q

Ulna

A

medial forearm; olecranon (point of elbow), trochlear notch (elbow)

67
Q

Radius

A

lateral forearm; thumb side

68
Q

Carpal bones

A

8; wrist

69
Q

Metacarpal

A

5; palm

70
Q

Phalanges

A

14; fingers

71
Q

Pelvic bones

A

ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabulum, obturator foramen

72
Q

Femur (thigh)

A

greater and lesser trochanter; linea aspera

73
Q

Patella

A

kneecap

74
Q

Tibia (shin bone)

A

medial malleolus (ankle)

75
Q

Fibula

A

lateral malleolus (ankle)

76
Q

Tarsal bones

A

7; calcaneus or heel bone

77
Q

Metatarsal bones

A

5; foot bones

78
Q

Phalanges

A

14; toes

79
Q

Osteoporosis

A

bones become fragile (spine, pelvis, long bones), postmenopausal osteoporosis most common *metabolic

80
Q

Osteopenia

A

mild to moderate reduction in bone mass below normal *metabolic

81
Q

Paget disease or osteitis deformans

A

excessive and abnormal osteoclast activity followed by excess osteoblast activity; increased bone mass, but bones weak deformed *metabolic

82
Q

Osteomalacia

A

softening of bones due to lack of calcium salt formation, caused by Vit D deficiency, renal disorders, liver disease, some intestinal disorders *metabolic

83
Q

Rickets

A

occurs in children as results of Vit D deficiency, skeleton remains soft and becomes distorted *metabolic

84
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

young person’s growing region (knee) *tumor

85
Q

Chondrosarcoma

A

starts in cartilage, midlife *tumor

86
Q

Metastasis from other sites

A

older people, most often to spine *tumor

87
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

caused by pyogenic bacteria entering through blood, treat with antibiotics *infection

88
Q

Tuberculosis

A

may spread to bones, (long bones)
Pott disease- TB of spine, vertebrae weaken and may collapse causing pain, deformity, pressure on spinal cord, treat with antibiotics *infection

89
Q

Kyphosis

A

hunchback, thoracic curve (old women) *structural

90
Q

Lordosis

A

swayback, lumbar curve (toddlers, pregnant women) *structural

91
Q

Scoliosis

A

lateral curve of vertebral column, most common in girls, occurs during rapid growth, can compress organs *structural

92
Q

Cleft palate

A

congenital deformity, opening in the roof of the mouth *structural

93
Q

Flatfoot

A

curve of arch flattens due to weak tendons and ligaments in foots arch *structural

94
Q

Closed

A

simple with no open wound *fracture

95
Q

Open

A

protrudes through skin *fracture

96
Q

Greenstick

A

one side broken, one side bent *fracture

97
Q

Impacted

A

broken ends jammed into each other *fracture

98
Q

Comminuted

A

multiple fractures, bone crushed, splintered *fracture

99
Q

Spiral

A

bone twisted apart *fracture

100
Q

Transverse

A

straight across *fracture

101
Q

Oblique

A

angle *fracture

102
Q

Synarthrosis

A

immovable; fibrous, no joint cavity, fibrous connective tissue between bones (sutures between skull bones)

103
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

slightly moveable; sometimes fibrous tissue, no joint cavity, between bones (pubic symphysis, joints between vertebral bodies)

104
Q

Diarthrosis

A

freely moveable; joint cavity containing synovial fluid (gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket)

105
Q

Synovial joints

A

held together by ligaments
joint capsule encloses joint for strength and protection
bony surfaces protected by hyaline cartilage
bursae, fluid filled sacs, help ease movement over and around joints
fat
medial and lateral meniscus

106
Q

Flexion

A

decrease angle between bones

107
Q

Extension

A

increase angle between bones

108
Q

Abduction

A

away from midline

109
Q

Adduction

A

toward the midline

110
Q

Circumduction

A

full circle (arm rotating)

111
Q

Rotation

A

turning head (shaking head no)

112
Q

Supination

A

palm up

113
Q

Pronation

A

palm down

114
Q

Inversion

A

sole inward

115
Q

Eversion

A

sole outward

116
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

toes up

117
Q

Plantar flexion

A

toes down

118
Q

Gliding joint

A

wrist and ankles

119
Q

Hinge joint

A

elbow and knee joint

120
Q

Pivot joint

A

joint between first and second cervical vertebrae

121
Q

Condyloid joint

A

joint between the occipital bone of the skull and the first cervical vertebra and the joint between the metacarpal and the first phalanx of the finger

122
Q

Saddle joint

A

joint between the wrist and the metacarpal bone of the thumb

123
Q

Ball and Socket joint

A

shoulder joint and hip joint

124
Q

Dislocation or derangement of joint

A

shoulder (most common) *mechanical-stress

125
Q

Sprain

A

wrenching of joint with rupture or tearing of ligaments, possible injury of cartilage (knee) *mechanical

126
Q

Bursitis

A

inflammation of bursa *mechanical

127
Q

Olecranon bursitis

A

student’s elbow

128
Q

Ischial bursitis

A

taxicab drivers, truckers

129
Q

Prepatellar bursitis

A

housemaid’s knee

130
Q

Subdeltoid or subacromial bursitis

A

shoulder

131
Q

Bunions

A

development and inflammation of bursa on great toe

132
Q

Herniated disk

A

central mass of vertebral disk slips through outer cartilaginous ring and into spinal canal

133
Q

Osteoarthritis or Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)

A

normal wear and tear; influenced by obesity and trauma

degeneration of cartilage with growth of new bone along edges

134
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

swelling due to inflammation and overgrowth of synovial membranes and other joint tissues
articular cartilage destroyed, adhesions develop, joints stiffen and become useless
possibly autoimmune with inherited susceptibility

135
Q

Septic (infectious) arthritis

A

bacteria spread to joints usually through blood (strep, staph, and neisseria, TB)

136
Q

Gout

A 
metabolic disturbance (overproduction of uric acid or not excreted in urine) 
uric acid crystals form and deposit around joints 
most common is big toe
137
Q

Bones (aging)

A

loss of calcium salts and collagen
bones weaken, more prone to injury
reduction in collagen

138
Q

Joints (aging)

A

reduction in collagen leads to stiffness and decreased flexibility
thinning of articular cartilage and loss of synovial fluid may cause joint damage

139
Q

Other (aging)

A

loss of muscle tissue; loss of height due to thinning of intervertebral disks; costal cartilage calcifies and becomes less flexible decreasing diameter of chest

Human Body (3 decks)

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