Chapters 8,9,10 Flashcards
.All of the following statements are true except
Dead pixels at the edge of the detector are easily identified
The PSP cassette is backed by aluminum that
Absorbs backscatter x-rays
Which of the following can be done to. decrease the chance of having image LAG occur in the next image?
increase the amount of time between exposures
.Flat-panel detectors that use indirect conversion technology convert
X-rays to visible light
Clinical applications for CCDs include all of the following except
Computedtomographyfluoroscopy
When compared with a CMOS, CCDs
Use more than 100 times the power
Two or more objects sharing resources and information
Network
SMALL AREA NETWORK with a series of cables or wireless access points.
Local area network(LAN)
What are the advantages of using LAN ?
Computers can SHARE INFO and devices on the SAME network.
*Least expensive to install
*Much faster than the WAN
A wide area network spans a large area, city, state, nation, continent, or the world
Wide area network (WAN)
.What is the reason a WAN is used ?
A WAN is used to connect computers that are not physically attached; how the internet is set up.
WANS are connected through other means such as
Telephone
*Satellite Links
*Other Communications Cables
What are the 2 types, of networks ?
*Peer to peer
*Server or client based
Each computer on the network is considered EQUAL.
*Each computer controls its own information and operation and can function as client or server
Peer-to-Peer Network
What are the advantages of using a Peer-to-Peer network?
Least expensive *Simplest to set up
A centralized computer (server) controls the operations, files, and sometimes the programs of the computers (clients) attached to the network.
server based network
Is similar to a server-based network, it has a CENTRALIZED computer that controls the operations
Client- Based Network
What is the advantage of using Client-based network?
*Smaller exchange of information
Role the computers play in operation of the network and *Which computer controls the network operation
Network type
Computer that MANAGES RESCOURCES for other computers, servers, and networked devices house applications, provides storage for files
*Usually the most robust computer on the network
server
A device found on a network that REQUEST SERVICES and RESOURCES from a server.
thin client
Another computer, a printer, or any other networked device that NEEDS THAT SERVER to complete its tasks.
An example of a thin client is
Computer that can workINDEPENDENTLY from the network.
* Processes and manage its own files
*Is generally a high-end computer that does high-level processing for specific purposes.
thick client
Sectional imaging modality (CT) are
Thick client
The physical CONNECTION between the devices.
. Network Connectivity
four types of Network Connectivity?
(CTFE)
Coaxial cable *
Twisted-pair wire *
Fiberoptic cable *
Electromagnetic waves
Consists of a center conducting wire surrounded by insulation and a grounded shield of braided wire
*is the sturdiest wire used.
Coaxial Cable
Consists of four twisted pairs of copper wire
Twisted Pair Wire
.Most common connection medium for a LAN
Twisted Pair Wire
Uses glass threads to transmit data on the network
Fiberoptic Cable
disadvantages of using Fiberoptic Cable
*More expensive and fragile, than its metal counterparts. *Easily damaged by kinking and twisting
Wireless Connections does not need physical cabling. each device must contain the appropriate wireless transmitter and receiver. (T or F)
TRUE
What is the biggest advantage of Wireless connections?
Mobility and convenience, but connection has a limited range.
The simplest device for connecting SEVERAL PIECES OF EQUIPMENT .Is commonly used in small office and home applications
Network Hub i
Similar to a hub, but sends data only to those devices to which the data are directed
Network Switch i
Created so larger networks can be segmented toREDUCE TRAFFIC . Bridge: a physical (wired) connection from one network segment to another.
Network Bridge
A more sophisticated device. Usually found in large networks, multiple routers, switches, and hubs work In concert to perform the necessary tasks.
Network Router
One type of addressing is
IP (Internet protocol).
Address is made up of four octets (groups of 8 bits) of numbers.
.What is an agreed-upon set of rules that data use to move through a network
Network Protocol
A packet is a piece of the data with ADDED information such as the following (dss)
*Destination address
*Source address
*Sequence of the packets (e.g., 2 of 12) *Errors in transmission
The physical (geometric) layout of the connected devices on a network.
Network Topology
Four common topological configurations are the following are: BRSM
*Bus *Ring *Star *Mesh
Devices that are physically attached to and listen for communication on one single wire.
a Bus(Topology
What are the disadvantages of using a Bus?
The wire is a single point of failure.
*If a break occurs, the entire network is down.
Devices that are connected in a CIRCLE .Data transmissions move around the circle until they reach the correct receiver.
Ring
What are the disadvantages of using a Ring?
A break in the ring HALTS the entire network.
Devices that are connected to a central hub or switch. * Most COMMON Topology used.
Star
A device that consists of MULTIPLE pathways of interconnecting devices and networks
*The Internet is based on this topology.
Mesh(Topology?
Developed by the American College of Radiology (ACR) and the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
*First version completed in 1985 (1.0)
Digital Imaging communications in Medicine (DICOM)
HL-7 stands fo
Health level 7
holds the patient’s FULL MEDICAL INFORMATION from hospital billing to the
inpatient ordering system.
His
all RADIOLOGIC -SPECIFIC Patient data from the patient scheduling
information to the radiologist’s dictated and transcribed report.
Ris
is a part of the HIS and contains all patient’s record.
EMR electronic medical records
Medical Image Management and Processing Systems
MIMPS
The physical hardware that electronically STORES and RETRIEVES medical images
Medical Image Storage Device
Provides for electronic TRANSFER of medical images between devices
Medical Image Communications Device
MIMPS covers most of the historic definition of a PACS EXCEPT
The display and storage of medical
images. and identifies image manipulation tools.
- Image acquisition(The machines)
- Display workstations (The computers)
3.Archive servers (Where images are stored.)
fundamental PACS component
Any computer used to view a digital image
Most interactive part of a MIMPS
Used inside and outside of the radiology
Display workstations
Database server or image manager *
Short- and long-term storage
*Workflow manager
Archive Servers consist of
How a process is done step by step or how a task is completed
Workflow
Defined the hardware and software infrastructure of a computer system.
System Architecture
Client or server based *
Distributed systems *
Web-based systems
three common architectures
What is the disadvantages of using Client or Server Based systems?
*If the archive goes down. the entire system is down, and no image movement can take place.
acquisition modalities that SENDS the images to a designated reading station and to review stations.
Distributed Systems
What are the advantages of Distributed systems
- if the server goes down, Local reading wont be interrupted
- Data less likely to be lost
- Less dependent on network for speed.
A place where records or documents are preserved
The archive
The storage area for all patient and image data are often found where
magnetic tape or optical disk
Represents a specific level of
Tier
Online or available quickly 3-5 seconds
Short term tier is
Near-line or images that must be RETRIEVED FROM SOME sort of TAPE or DISK storage device and brought to RAIDS
Long term teir
Redundant Array of Independent Disks
RAID stand for
A long term storage option Similar to a CD or DVD
Read optically with a laser.
Housed within a plastic cartridge
Magneto-optical disk (MOD)
Using a threshold of pixel intensity values
Shaded Surface Display
Primary reading stations are used by
Radiologists to make primary diagnosis
. Review stations are referring to?
Physicians
Hospitals typically burn CDs to provide copies of images because they are
*Less expensive
*Made quickly
*Come with easy-to-use software burned into them for viewing on any PC
Where can Patient demographics may be corrected ?
The file room workstation
Annotations are NOT to be used to label left or right to indicate the patient’s side. T or F
True
Distance measurement is done by
A software that uses pixel size to measure structures on the image
*One of the most commonly used 3D rendering techniques.
*Used to produce coronal images from the axial set
*Reduces radiation to the patient and scan time
Multiplanar Reconstruction (MPR)
Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) & Minimum Intensity Proiection (Minlp) is used
*To visualize vessels and air-filled structures
*Commonly CT and MRI studies
VRT is a function similar to MIP
Allows user to assign colors based on the tissue intensity
Volume Rendering Technique
Using a threshold of pixel intensity values
Shaded Surface Display
What are the advantages of Distributed systems?
Local reading is not interrupted if the server goes down,
Data are less likely to be lost,
and Less dependent on network for speed.
Web-based systems images and applications are held centrally and load to the client display.
Only the images are held at the archive
Unlike Client and Server systems
What are the advantages of Web Based systems?
Allows for greater hardware flexibility
The most interactive part of the medical image viewing system is
Display Workstation which consists of a monitor or a computer with a mouse
The most popular display workstation monitor is
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
*Require less maintenance
*Give out more light
*Can be used in high ambient light
LCD monitors
Cross Sectional imaging is read on?
1K square monitor
Most digital projection images are read on at-least?
2K portrait monitor
