Chapters 8,9,10,11 Flashcards by Kaylee Y

system operating under feedback control

Closed loop

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output is pre-program and not required feedback

Open loop

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Science of self regulating machines (Norbert Wiener)

Cybernetics

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Production of speech requires simultaneous and coordination of:

Respiration
Phonation
Articulation

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What are the different four type of feedback used in speech production?

Auditory
Tactile
Proprioception
Internal/brain

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a delay in hearing ones own speech, produced artificially. Causes repeated syllables, prolongations.

delayed auditory feedback

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A person with stuttering problems can use this device to help become more fluent under such conditions of

delayed auditory feedback

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auditory feedback is both

air and bone conducted

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the increased vocal intensity of a speaker who cannot hear himself

lombard effect

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Manipulations of feedback elicit compensatory behaviors showing:
Role in refining targets and monitoring errors

auditory feedback

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the information you receive from your sense of touch

tactile feedback

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which of the following is the correct sequence of speech chain?

linguistic level; physiological level; acoustic level; physiological level; linguistic level

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audition and taction are both external forces because

the information they provide is delivered to external receptors

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Sensations of touch (light touch, deeper pressure) from:
Hearing
Articulators in contact
Air pressure and flow changes at glottis and in supraglottal cavities

tensile feedback

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Feedback from muscle, response feedback is delivered more quickly than Auditory or tactile

proprioceptive feedback

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In general, ______ allow us to sense the direction, velocity of movement, and position of articulators from sensors in: ______

proprioceptive feedback; joints and tendons

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They deliver sensory information quickly
Good candidate for ongoing control of rapid motor activities such as articulation

muscle spindles (receptors in voluntary muscle)

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Primary efferents from spindles muscle are among the largest of human neurons and able to conduct impulses fast.
Muscle spindles are found in intercostal muscle, laryngeal muscles, genioglossus muscle and intrinsic muscles of tongue and facial muscles
Feedback is operate on both reflex and voluntary levels

proprioceptive feedback

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a theory put forth by Fowler and Turvey that applies sates that if one system is not working, other systems automatically compensates because the system acts like a series of coupled oscillators, if one of the vibrators is constrained, others will compensates

action theory

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Feedback via the CNS/brain on motor commands prior to motor execution
Fastest type of feedback
Neural connections among motor areas of the brain

internal feedback

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What is theory of speech production?

Source filter theory models
Linguistically oriented models/phonological model:
Target models/preprogram
Timing models
Closed and open loop models

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In the source-filter theory of speech production, the vibrating vocal folds are the ____, and the oral/nasal cavities provide the _____.

source; filter

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Different _______ can be distinguished by the properties of their source(s) and their spectral shape.

phonemes

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Speech is produced by a combination of a sound source from lung, modified by ______, and filter by __________.

vocal cords; vocal tract

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Open loop vs Close loop

Open loop: No feedback Close loop: feedback

any of the minimal grammatical units of a word that cannot be divided into smaller independent grammatical parts

Morphemes

the vocabulary/knowledge or language of a person

lexicon

the study and classification of speech sounds

Phonetics

is a unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word).

syllable

a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided (e.g. in, come, -ing, forming incoming ).

morpheme

communicating sounds to the brain

Audition

three parts of the ear

Outer Middle Inner ear

components of the outer ear

Pinna/auricle: external cartilaginous flap External auditory meatus (EAM): canal to tympanic membrane

Funnels sound into EAM Protects entrance to EAM Assists in sound localization (especially in binaural listening)

functions of the pinna

no ear canal/ close ear canal

Atresia

a gradual closing of the canal

Stenosis

Ear Canal also known as

external auditory meatus

ear drum also known as

tympanic membrane

Protects middle and inner ear Cerumen and cilia filter foreign objects Resonances boost high-frequency sounds

functions of the EAM

Cupping the ear=______ increase in intensity

3 dB

Middle ear

Back of ear drum and the 3 bones

Tympanic membrane (border between outer and middle ear) Ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes Muscles: tensor tympani, stapedius Oval window: entry to inner ear Eustachian tube: path to nasopharynx

components of the middle ear

Corrects impedance mismatch between air in outer air and fluid of inner ear: Ossicles act as a lever to increase sound pressure Size reduction from tympanic membrane to oval window increases sound intensity Attenuates loud sounds via acoustic reflex (middle ear muscles) Equalizes air pressure variations via eustachian tube

functions of the middle ear

Vestibular system: sense of motion and position: Semicircular canals Vestibule Cochlea: sense of hearing: Basilar membrane Organ of Corti Tectorial membrane

major components of the inner ear

Movement of basilar membrane displaces Organ of Corti toward tectorial membrane Hair cells in Organ of Corti shear against tectorial membrane, and fire Impulses travel through auditory nerve

function of the inner ear

perception of sound depends on the neurons and the firing rate. It is assume that the auditory nerve can fire at rates of 20 to 20,000 times per second

Temporal theory

theory states that pitch is signaled according to the locations of vibrations along the basilar membrane

place

the two Theories of hearing

Place (resonance) and temporal (frequency)

Auditory nerve

(CN VIII)

how long is the auditory nerve

The length of the vestibulocochlear nerve, from the glial-Schwann junction to the brainstem, is 10-13 mm in the human male and 7-10 mm in females.

The greater the amplitude/rate , the _____ the amplitude of sound

stronger

Language learning is difficulty because normal auditory input is missing

Disorder of hearing (e.g., deafness):

Hearing is normal, but sounds are not interpreted appropriately

Disorder of perception (e.g., auditory agnosia):

implanted inside the ear to stimulate nerve

Cochlear implant:

An aid to hearing Making sound louder

hearing aid

back vowels are best synthesized with the second formant close to a natural ____

Rapidly changing formant frequencies (more rapid than for diphthongs) during the semi-vowel articulation

semi vowels

Stress is Cued by

Cued by pitch (most effective cue) Cued by duration (less effective cue) Cued by loudness (least effective cue)

Pitch changes over the course of an utterance

Intonation:

1 month: infant

category perception