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Speech & Hearing > Chapters 8,9,10,11 > Flashcards

Chapters 8,9,10,11 Flashcards

1
Q

system operating under feedback control

A

Closed loop

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2
Q

output is pre-program and not required feedback

A

Open loop

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3
Q

Science of self regulating machines (Norbert Wiener)

A

Cybernetics

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4
Q

Production of speech requires simultaneous and coordination of:

A

Respiration
Phonation
Articulation

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5
Q

What are the different four type of feedback used in speech production?

A

Auditory
Tactile
Proprioception
Internal/brain

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6
Q

a delay in hearing ones own speech, produced artificially. Causes repeated syllables, prolongations.

A

delayed auditory feedback

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7
Q

A person with stuttering problems can use this device to help become more fluent under such conditions of

A

delayed auditory feedback

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8
Q

auditory feedback is both

A

air and bone conducted

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9
Q

the increased vocal intensity of a speaker who cannot hear himself

A

lombard effect

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10
Q

Manipulations of feedback elicit compensatory behaviors showing:
Role in refining targets and monitoring errors

A

auditory feedback

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11
Q

the information you receive from your sense of touch

A

tactile feedback

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12
Q

which of the following is the correct sequence of speech chain?

A

linguistic level; physiological level; acoustic level; physiological level; linguistic level

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13
Q

audition and taction are both external forces because

A

the information they provide is delivered to external receptors

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14
Q

Sensations of touch (light touch, deeper pressure) from:
Hearing
Articulators in contact
Air pressure and flow changes at glottis and in supraglottal cavities

A

tensile feedback

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15
Q

Feedback from muscle, response feedback is delivered more quickly than Auditory or tactile

A

proprioceptive feedback

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16
Q

In general, ______ allow us to sense the direction, velocity of movement, and position of articulators from sensors in: ______

A

proprioceptive feedback; joints and tendons

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17
Q

They deliver sensory information quickly
Good candidate for ongoing control of rapid motor activities such as articulation

A

muscle spindles (receptors in voluntary muscle)

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18
Q

Primary efferents from spindles muscle are among the largest of human neurons and able to conduct impulses fast.
Muscle spindles are found in intercostal muscle, laryngeal muscles, genioglossus muscle and intrinsic muscles of tongue and facial muscles
Feedback is operate on both reflex and voluntary levels

A

proprioceptive feedback

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19
Q

a theory put forth by Fowler and Turvey that applies sates that if one system is not working, other systems automatically compensates because the system acts like a series of coupled oscillators, if one of the vibrators is constrained, others will compensates

A

action theory

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20
Q

Feedback via the CNS/brain on motor commands prior to motor execution
Fastest type of feedback
Neural connections among motor areas of the brain

A

internal feedback

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21
Q

What is theory of speech production?

A

Source filter theory models
Linguistically oriented models/phonological model:
Target models/preprogram
Timing models
Closed and open loop models

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22
Q

In the source-filter theory of speech production, the vibrating vocal folds are the ____, and the oral/nasal cavities provide the _____.

A

source; filter

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23
Q

Different _______ can be distinguished by the properties of their source(s) and their spectral shape.

A

phonemes

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24
Q

Speech is produced by a combination of a sound source from lung, modified by ______, and filter by __________.

A

vocal cords; vocal tract

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25
Q

Open loop vs Close loop

A

Open loop: No feedback
Close loop: feedback

26
Q

any of the minimal grammatical units of a word that cannot be divided into smaller independent grammatical parts

A

Morphemes

27
Q

the vocabulary/knowledge or language of a person

A

lexicon

28
Q

the study and classification of speech sounds

A

Phonetics

29
Q

is a unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word).

A

syllable

30
Q

a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided (e.g.in,come,-ing, formingincoming).

A

morpheme

31
Q

communicating sounds to the brain

A

Audition

32
Q

three parts of the ear

A

Outer
Middle
Inner ear

33
Q

components of the outer ear

A

Pinna/auricle: external cartilaginous flap
External auditory meatus (EAM): canal to tympanic membrane

34
Q

Funnels sound into EAM
Protects entrance to EAM
Assists in sound localization (especially in binaural listening)

A

functions of the pinna

35
Q

no ear canal/ close ear canal

A

Atresia

36
Q

a gradual closing of the canal

A

Stenosis

37
Q

Ear Canal also known as

A

external auditory meatus

38
Q

ear drum also known as

A

tympanic membrane

39
Q

Protects middle and inner ear
Cerumen and cilia filter foreign objects
Resonances boost high-frequency sounds

A

functions of the EAM

40
Q

Cupping the ear=______ increase in intensity

A

3 dB

41
Q

Middle ear

A

Back of ear drum and the 3 bones

42
Q

Tympanic membrane (border between outer and middle ear)
Ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes
Muscles: tensor tympani, stapedius
Oval window: entry to inner ear
Eustachian tube: path to nasopharynx

A

components of the middle ear

43
Q

Corrects impedance mismatch between air in outer air and fluid of inner ear:
Ossicles act as a lever to increase sound pressure
Size reduction from tympanic membrane to oval window increases sound intensity

Attenuates loud sounds via acoustic reflex (middle ear muscles)
Equalizes air pressure variations via eustachian tube

A

functions of the middle ear

44
Q

Vestibular system: sense of motion and position:
Semicircular canals
Vestibule
Cochlea: sense of hearing:
Basilar membrane
Organ of Corti
Tectorial membrane

A

major components of the inner ear

45
Q

Movement of basilar membrane displaces Organ of Corti toward tectorial membrane
Hair cells in Organ of Corti shear against tectorial membrane, and fire
Impulses travel through auditory nerve

A

function of the inner ear

46
Q

perception of sound depends on the neurons and the firing rate.
It is assume that the auditory nerve can fire at rates of 20 to 20,000 times per second

A

Temporal theory

47
Q

theory states that pitch is signaled according to the locations of vibrations along the basilar membrane

A

place

48
Q

the two Theories of hearing

A

Place (resonance) and temporal (frequency)

49
Q

Auditory nerve

A

(CN VIII)

50
Q

how long is the auditory nerve

A

The length of the vestibulocochlear nerve, from the glial-Schwann junction to the brainstem, is 10-13 mm in the human male and 7-10 mm in females.

51
Q

The greater the amplitude/rate , the _____ the amplitude of sound

A

stronger

52
Q

Language learning is difficulty because normal auditory input is missing

A

Disorder of hearing (e.g., deafness):

53
Q

Hearing is normal, but sounds are not interpreted appropriately

A

Disorder of perception (e.g., auditory agnosia):

54
Q

implanted inside the ear to stimulate nerve

A

Cochlear implant:

55
Q

An aid to hearing
Making sound louder

A

hearing aid

56
Q

back vowels are best synthesized with the second formant close to a natural ____

A

F2

57
Q

Rapidly changing formant frequencies (more rapid than for diphthongs) during the semi-vowel articulation

A

semi vowels

58
Q

Stress is Cued by

A

Cued by pitch (most effective cue)
Cued by duration (less effective cue)
Cued by loudness (least effective cue)

59
Q

Pitch changes over the course of an utterance

A

Intonation:

60
Q

1 month: infant

A

category perception

Speech & Hearing (4 decks)

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